EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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Table 2 Average Monthly Salaries DR-CAFTA NEGOTIATIONS Average Staff Number Salary Range US$ (monthly) Level of Skills Minister 2 5000-8000 Masters Degree PHD-Masters Team Leaders 11 3000-4000 Degree Technicians Source: Author’s own elaboration 23 1500-2500 Masters Degree c. First steps towards Bilateral and Regional Trade Negotiations With the signature of NAFTA and later the creation of the WTO, the DR realised that it was in its best interest to initiate a process of commercial integration with its close neighbours, who had similar levels of economic development and economic size. The process of globalisation that started in the middle of the 1990s coincided with the generational shift in the political leadership of the country. From 1986 to 1996 the President of the DR, Joaquin Balaguer, focused his attention to the domestic and internal matters of the country. At over 80 years old President Balaguer had limited mobility, so his participation in the presidential regional meeting that took place under the leadership of the United States was minimal. From 1996 to 2000, President Leonel Fernandez, who was half the age of President Balaquer when he took office, was an internationalist. He was very aware of the thrust and importance of globalisation. Under his leadership a new policy of commercial engagement with DR neighbours took place. President Fernandez also appointed key officers in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that were able to put a vision into action. At that point the two closest regions were targeted: the Caribbean Common Market and the Central American Common Market. These first steps would help it prepare the country to take on bigger challenges in the future, particularly with regards to the impending Initiative of the Americas, by the United States, and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). In 1997, the DR initiated its first trade negotiations with the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM), and a few months later with the countries of the Central American Common Market. In 1998, the FTA with Central American was concluded, as well as the FTA with CARICOM. At the beginning of the year 2000 both agreements were implemented. During the process of the negotiations, the Dominican authorities had the opportunity to test the new structure for conducting trade negotiations, strengthening its interaction with civil society. In both cases the Dominican private sector participated in the negotiating round in the “room next door”, and coordinated its position in advance. On some instances a private representative was allowed to be inside the negotiating room. 161
Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Different Dimensions of CARIFORUM International Trade Negotiations …. Barbados Guyana Jamaica Surinam Trinidad & Tobago CARICOM Antigua Barbuda Belice Dominica Grenada Montserrat St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & Gr. Bahamas 162 Haití FTA DR- CARICOM Dominican Rep. It was a complex process, due to the different levels of regional integration as well as the productive and fiscal sensitivities In 1997, by presidential decree the Commission of Trade negotiations was established, presided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and agreed to by more than eight different ministries and official institutions, including the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the Technical Minister to the President, 119 the Ministry of Finance, the Export Agency, the Central Bank, the Ministry of Agriculture. The Commission was presided by the minister and at the technical level, by the vice-minister or a high ranking official. This set up the foundation for initiating negotiations with Central America and the CARICOM. In addition, the business sector was also organised under the umbrella of the CENI, 120 with representation of the mayor chambers of industry and commerce of the country. At the beginning of the millennium the DR had two trade agreements, and participated strongly with FTAA 121 negotiations. During this period, the public and private sector developed thorough knowledge of both scope and implications of trade negations. Until this point, the resources allocated (both public and private) to conduct and follow the negotiating process were basically from 119 Currently the Ministry of Economy and Planning. 120 Comision Empresarial para las Negociaciones Internacionales (CENI). 121 Free Trade Area of the Americas.
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EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
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Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for
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Part One: Literature Review 4
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countries demanded more precision a
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essential and fundamental of EPA (h
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EPA group. However, after phase II
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Disagreements also existed on other
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ules of origin as a basis for negot
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would not meet WTO provisions. Even
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is only just about to conclude an i
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The EC took almost nine months to a
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Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
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services, CARIFORUM countries commi
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2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
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Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
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4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
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creation) but can also lead to impo
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preferences and hence are likely to
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3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
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Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
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SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
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Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
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Whilst most studies appear to agree
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7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
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Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
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Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
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Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
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Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
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Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
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Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
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trade relation and negotiation matt
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EPAs negotiation process is paralle
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• EPA team The EPA negotiating te
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- State Secretariat of Environment
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Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
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spent for these impact assessment s
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Other opportunity costs Another imp
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Since domestic constituencies tend
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Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
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• An estimated $214,000 in travel
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The main expectation of the process
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Commission was forced to take up th
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Therefore, while negotiators could
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
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Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
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Dominican Republic Distribution of
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1. Overview of existing resources f
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The FTRD that was responsible for b
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The support of the NDTPF and the ex
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dedicated sessions during the year
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Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
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3. Quantification of costs of count
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Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
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4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
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Page 113 and 114: ) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
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Page 117 and 118: System Improvement & Human Resource
Page 119 and 120: List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
Page 121 and 122: EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
Page 123 and 124: contains the quantification of cost
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Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
Page 129 and 130: Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
Page 131 and 132: Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
Page 133 and 134: ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
Page 135 and 136: Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trad
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Page 141 and 142: understand the changing environment
Page 143 and 144: 7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
Page 145 and 146: opportunity cost could be quite sub
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Page 149 and 150: 5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
Page 151 and 152: EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
Page 153 and 154: c. Technical Level At a regional le
Page 155 and 156: 2) From the ministers of trade of C
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Page 161: Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
Page 165 and 166: with the EU, in order to present a
Page 167 and 168: Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
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Page 173 and 174: 5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
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Page 177 and 178: expectation of increases in exports
Page 179 and 180: 8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
Page 181 and 182: MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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Page 185 and 186: o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Page 189 and 190: Reviewing services negotiations in
Page 191 and 192: Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
Page 193 and 194: 3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
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Page 197 and 198: 196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
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Page 209 and 210: Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
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The EU has yet to deliver a simple
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arrangements, are constrained by pr
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and non-oil exporting countries wit
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Common Market for Eastern and South
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to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
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fact that countries either export o
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development assistance in the EPA.
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References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
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SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
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The SPS committee provides an oppor
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of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
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In the case of Ghana, where there i
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which relevant entities within thei
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Specific provisions While the final
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‘.....In addition, the Parties sh
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imparted to EPA signatories. In pra
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of the EC Party when these products
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So what have the EPA negotiations a
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Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
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EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
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Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
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Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
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evenues, one of the main sources of
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References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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