EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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‘The Parties will apply the principle of zoning or compartmentalisation when defining import conditions, taking into account international standards. Zones or compartments of defined sanitary or phytosanitary status may also be identified and proposed jointly by the Parties, on a case by case basis, wherever possible, in order to avoid disruption to trade.’ This does not appear to go beyond the existing commitments of WTO Members, but rather simply recognises the potential role that regionalisation might play in facilitating trade and reiterates the commitments of the signatories. Note that there is no reference to regionalisation in the final CARIFORUM agreement or the interim agreement between the EU and the Pacific states; this concept is not relevant to small islands states. The ability of most countries participating in the EPA negotiations to undertake pest risk assessments (PRAs), to define and/or maintain pest- or disease-free areas and to demonstrate the status of these area is extremely limited. For example, the Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) in more than 60 developing countries indicates widespread weaknesses in controls on plant pests and diseases (Day et al, 2006). This suggests that most of the signatory countries will struggle to take advantage of the regionalisation provision of the SPS Agreement, and of the related provisions in the EPA agreements. Transparency and information exchange All of the final and interim agreements put great emphasis on transparency between the parties in terms of current and proposed SPS measures. In a large part, the related provisions simply restate and reaffirm the transparency obligations and procedures of the SPS Agreement. Thus, Article 45 Part 2 of the interim agreement between the EC and Central Africa states: ‘The parties reaffirm their obligations under the WTO SPS and TBT Agreements to inform each other of changes to the relevant standards or technical regulations through the mechanisms established by the agreement.’ The SPS Agreement requires that WTO Members establish a National Enquiry Point and National Notification Authority for the purposes of providing notifications of proposed new SPS measures and a channel through which further information about these proposed measures can be solicited from other WTO Members. It is evident from Table 9 that a number of parties to the EPA negotiations that are WTO Members have not complied with this obligation. Further, as noted above, parties to the EPA negotiations that are not currently WTO Members commit themselves to these obligations. Thus, the first step for a number of ACP countries will be establishing the necessary WTO-compliant transparency mechanisms. A number of the final and interim agreements, however, appear to envisage more direct and active channels of communications on SPS matters than those provided by the SPS Agreement. Thus, Article 57 of the final agreement between the EC and CARIFORUM states: 239
‘.....In addition, the Parties shall endeavour to inform each other at an early stage of proposals to modify or introduce SPS regulations or measures that are especially relevant to trade between the Parties.’ Table 9 Implementation of transparency obligations under the SPS Agreement Region Country National Enquiry ECOWAS CEMAC EAS SADC 240 Point National Notification Authority Benin Yes Yes Burkina Faso Yes Yes Cape Verde Yes No Cote d’Ivoire Yes No Gambia Yes Yes Ghana Yes No Guinea Bissau No No Liberia No No Mali Yes Yes Mauritania Yes Yes Niger Yes No Nigeria Yes Yes Senegal Yes Yes Sierra Leone No No Togo No No Cameroon Yes Yes Chad No No Central African Republic No No Congo Brazzaville No No DRC No No Equatorial Guinea No No Gabon Yes Yes São Tomé and Príncipe No No Comoros No No Djibouti Yes Yes Eritrea No No Ethiopia No No Madagascar Yes Yes Malawi Yes Yes Mauritius Yes Yes Seychelles No No Sudan No No Zambia Yes Yes Zimbabwe Yes Yes Angola Yes Yes Botswana Yes Yes Lesotho No No Mozambique Yes Yes Namibia Yes No South Africa Yes Yes
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EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
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Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for
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Part One: Literature Review 4
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countries demanded more precision a
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essential and fundamental of EPA (h
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EPA group. However, after phase II
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Disagreements also existed on other
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ules of origin as a basis for negot
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would not meet WTO provisions. Even
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is only just about to conclude an i
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The EC took almost nine months to a
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Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
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services, CARIFORUM countries commi
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2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
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Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
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4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
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creation) but can also lead to impo
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preferences and hence are likely to
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3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
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Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
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SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
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Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
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Whilst most studies appear to agree
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7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
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Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
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Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
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Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
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Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
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Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
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Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
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trade relation and negotiation matt
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EPAs negotiation process is paralle
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• EPA team The EPA negotiating te
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- State Secretariat of Environment
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Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
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spent for these impact assessment s
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Other opportunity costs Another imp
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Since domestic constituencies tend
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Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
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• An estimated $214,000 in travel
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The main expectation of the process
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Commission was forced to take up th
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Therefore, while negotiators could
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
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Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
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Dominican Republic Distribution of
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1. Overview of existing resources f
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The FTRD that was responsible for b
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The support of the NDTPF and the ex
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dedicated sessions during the year
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Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
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3. Quantification of costs of count
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Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
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4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
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5. Qns: Had you had more resources,
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) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
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Council of ESA Ministers Committee
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
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EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
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contains the quantification of cost
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which appear to have crowded out ac
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Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
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Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
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Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
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ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
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Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trad
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Though the current negotiating stru
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• The simultaneous application of
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understand the changing environment
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7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
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opportunity cost could be quite sub
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• There is adequate technical adv
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5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
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EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
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c. Technical Level At a regional le
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2) From the ministers of trade of C
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The fact that the DR had previously
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- State Secretariat of Foreign Rela
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Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
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Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Diffe
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with the EU, in order to present a
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Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
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In additional there were eight meet
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Per Diem Rate (US$) 500 A- Total of
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5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
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usiness and political levels repres
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expectation of increases in exports
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8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
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MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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o 05-06: Joint Meeting of the Prime
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o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Trinidad & Tobago, 11-15 mayo 2007
Page 189 and 190: Reviewing services negotiations in
Page 191 and 192: Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
Page 193 and 194: 3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
Page 195 and 196: In this exercise, it is important t
Page 197 and 198: 196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
Page 199 and 200: Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in E
Page 201 and 202: products could be extended until ye
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Page 205 and 206: than the rate applied on the proces
Page 207 and 208: RoO and the EPAs 1. Introduction Ru
Page 209 and 210: Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
Page 211 and 212: that value added in ACP countries o
Page 213 and 214: The EU has yet to deliver a simple
Page 215 and 216: arrangements, are constrained by pr
Page 217 and 218: and non-oil exporting countries wit
Page 219 and 220: Common Market for Eastern and South
Page 221 and 222: to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
Page 223 and 224: fact that countries either export o
Page 225 and 226: development assistance in the EPA.
Page 227 and 228: References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
Page 229 and 230: SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
Page 231 and 232: The SPS committee provides an oppor
Page 233 and 234: of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
Page 235 and 236: In the case of Ghana, where there i
Page 237 and 238: which relevant entities within thei
Page 239: Specific provisions While the final
Page 243 and 244: imparted to EPA signatories. In pra
Page 245 and 246: of the EC Party when these products
Page 247 and 248: So what have the EPA negotiations a
Page 249 and 250: Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
Page 251 and 252: EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
Page 253 and 254: EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
Page 255 and 256: EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
Page 257 and 258: Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
Page 259 and 260: Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
Page 261 and 262: evenues, one of the main sources of
Page 263: References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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