Introduction to Acoustics

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provides recommendations for a follow-on project to estimate national noise exposures in the I-INCE participating member countries as a next step towards the long-term goal of assessing the effectiveness of noise policies. 23.5.2 European Noise Policy and Regulations Early European noise policy emphasized old approach directives that covered specific noise sources such as motor vehicles, construction equipment, lawnmowers, aircraft, and other equipment. The original safety directive, 89/392/EC, contained requirements on emission sound pressure level (Sect. 23.2.3). This document was superseded by directive 98/37/EC [23.190], but with the same acoustical requirements. This directive has been implemented throughout the European Union – the details being in European standards (EN). There are now several hundred of these standards covering a wide variety of machine types [23.191]. More recently, new approach directives give requirements, but are much more general in their approach to regulation of noise. There are still specific requirements on machines – as discussed in Sect. 23.2.5. These approaches have been summarized by Higginson et al. [23.192] in 1996, the European Union published a green paper that recognized the fact that in spite of limits on the noise emissions of individual machines, the noise to which persons are exposed has been increasing, and that more emphasis should be placed on noise in communities. A summary of the future noise policy as presented in the green paper is available [23.193], as is the green paper itself [23.194] and an edited version [23.195]. This activity led to directive 2002/49EC [23.196] designed to understand noise problems in communities through noise mapping and other activities, and to prepare action plans. The directive instructs the member states to develop a long-range plan to establish common assessment methods, to develop noise maps, to develop action plans to combat noise, to keep the public informed about noise issues. It also requires that the European Commission make regular evaluations of the implementation of the directive. Some key action items and implementation dates in the directive are: Noise 23.5 Regulations and Policy for Noise Control 1009 1. Common noise assessment methods will be established by the European Commission. 2. By 2005 July 18, the European Commission will be informed of limit values in force by the member states. 3. By 2005 June 30 and every five years thereafter, the member states will inform the European Commission of the major roads that have more than six million vehicle passages per year, major railways that have more than 60 000 train passages per year, and airports and the agglomerations with more than 250 000 inhabitants within their territories. 4. By 2007 June 30, the member states will ensure that strategic noise maps showing the situation in the previous year have been made and approved by competent authorities. By 2008 June 30, all agglomerations, major roads, and major railways shall be identified and by 2012 June 30, noise maps for these areas will be prepared and updated every five years. 5. By 2008 July 18, competent authorities shall draw up action plans to manage noise issues in areas defined by item 3 above. 6. By 2013 July 18, action plans for those areas defined by item 4 above shall be developed. 7. Action plans shall be reviewed whenever the existing noise situation changes, and at least every five years. 8. The public will be kept informed about noise maps and action plans. 9. By 2004 January 18, the European Commission will submit a report to the European parliament which reviews existing measures related to sources of environmental noise. A summary report of strategic noise maps and action plans will be prepared by 2009 July 18 and every five years thereafter. By this date, a report on the implementation of the directive will also be submitted. Six annexes to the directive cover noise indicators, assessment methods for the noise indicators, assessment methods for harmful effects, minimum requirements for strategic noise mapping, minimum requirements for action plans, and definitions of data to be sent to the European Commission. There are a number of ongoing projects related to this directive. Further information on EU noise policies can be found at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment /noise/home.htm. Part G 23.5
1010 Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise Part G 23 23.6 Other Information Resources The following information will be helpful in locating many of the references below. American National Standards are available from the Acoustical Society of America, asa.aip.org. International Standards on electroacoustics (sound level meters, etc.) are published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), www.iec.ch. International Standards on noise are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), www.iso.ch. The sponsor of the INTER-NOISE series of international congresses on noise control engineering is the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering, www.i-ince.org. References 23.1 R.H. Bolt, K.U. Ingard: System considerations in noise-control problems (Chap. 22). In: Handbook of Noise Control, ed. by C.M. Harris (McGraw-Hill, New York 1957) 23.2 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Volume VII, Immission: The action of immitting; insertion, injection, admission, introduction. 1578 BANNISTER Hist.Man VIII 102, ...under judgement, as touchying emission and immission... 23.3 M.J. Lighthill: On sound generated aerodynamically, Proc. R. Soc. London A211, 564–587 (1952) 23.4 E.A.G. Shaw: Noise pollution – what can be done?, Phys. Today 28(1), 46 (1975) 23.5 P.L.Burgé: The power of public participation. In: Proc. INTER-NOISE 02, ed. by A. R. G.C. SelametSinghMaling (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., West Lafayette 2002), paper in02_501 23.6 K.U. Ingard, G.C. Maling: Physical principles of noise reduction: Properties of sound sources and their fields, Noise Control Eng. J. 2, 37–48 (1974) 23.7 N.P. Miller: Transportation noise and recreational lands, Noise News Int. 11, 9–21 (2003) 23.8 IEC: IEC 61672-1:2002, Electroacoustics – Sound Level Meters – Part 1: Specifications (IEC, Geneva 2002) 23.9 IEC: IEC 60942:2003 Electroacoustics – Sound calibrators (IEC, Geneva 2003) 23.10 ANSI: ANSI S1.17-2004–Part 1. American National Standard microphone windscreens – Part 1, Measurement and Specification of Insertion Loss in Still or Slightly Moving Air (Acoust. Soc. Am., Melville 2004) 23.11 IEC: IEC 61043:1993 Electroacoustics – Instruments for measurement of sound intensitymeasurements with pairs of pressure sensing microphones (IEC, Geneva 1993) A technical journal, Noise Control Engineering Journal, has been published by INCE/USA since 1973, and all technical papers from that journal are now available on CD-ROM. The organizer of the INTER-NOISE series when the congresses are held in North America is the Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA (www.inceusa.org). The institute also sponsors the NOISE-CON series of national conferences on noise control engineering. Technical papers on CD-ROM for both of these series are available from the institute (www.atlasbooks.com/marktplc/00726.htm). 23.12 ANSI: ANSI S1.9-1996 (R2001) American National Standard instruments for the measurement of sound intensity (Acoust. Soc. Am., Melville 2001) 23.13 I.L. Vér, L.L. Beranek: Noise and Vibration Control Engineering, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York 2005), Chap. 4 23.14 ISO: ISO 6926:1999 Acoustics – Requirements for the performance and calibration of reference sound sources used for the determination of sound power levels (ISO, Geneva 1999) 23.15 L.L. Beranek: Acoustical Measurements (Acoust. Soc. Am., Woodbury 1988) 23.16 W.W. Lang, G.C. Maling, M.A. Nobile, J. Tichy: In: Noise and Vibration Control Engineering, 2nd edn., ed. by I.L. Vér, L.L. Beranek (Wiley, New York to be published), Chap. 4 23.17 ISO: ISO 3740:2000 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources – Guidelines for the use of basic standards (ISO, Geneva 2000) ISO: ISO 3741:1999 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Precision methods for reverberation rooms (ISO, Geneva 1999) ISO: ISO 3741:1999/Cor 1:2001 (ISO, Geneva 2001) ISO: ISO 3743-1:1994 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources – Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields – Part 1: Comparison method for hard-walled test rooms (ISO, Geneva 1994) ISO: ISO 3743-2:1994 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields – Part 2: Methods for special reverberation test rooms (ISO, Geneva 1994) ISO: ISO 3744:1994 Acoustics – Determination of
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
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have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
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a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
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Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
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Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
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is of key importance in rooms where
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Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
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TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
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Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
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As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
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Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
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Gypsum board partition (as schedule
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Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
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Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
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E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
Page 856 and 857:
not as predicted, because the wave
Page 858 and 859:
Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
Page 862 and 863:
Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
Page 866 and 867:
a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
Page 872 and 873:
40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
Page 874 and 875:
a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
Page 876 and 877:
Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
Page 880 and 881:
Vibrations in a punctured artery De
Page 882 and 883:
the veins and diffuse into the inte
Page 884 and 885:
21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
Page 892 and 893:
a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
Page 894 and 895:
provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
Page 906 and 907:
the mass matrix is taken to be cons
Page 908 and 909:
Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
Page 912 and 913:
form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
Page 914 and 915:
first to solve the wave equation (2
Page 916 and 917:
5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 918 and 919:
conditions at each end) are necessa
Page 920 and 921:
from which we can derive through (2
Page 922 and 923:
In this case, the eigenfrequencies
Page 924 and 925:
of radiation modes and their link w
Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
Page 928 and 929:
notes the value of this eigenmode a
Page 930 and 931:
Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
Page 934 and 935:
Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
Page 936 and 937:
(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
Page 938 and 939:
Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
Page 940 and 941:
Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
Page 942 and 943:
for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
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F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
Page 946 and 947:
whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
Page 954 and 955:
Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
Page 956 and 957: 22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
Page 958 and 959: Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
Page 960 and 961: where the overbars represent time a
Page 962 and 963: Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
Page 964 and 965: 90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
Page 966 and 967: Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
Page 968 and 969: When each segment of the measuremen
Page 970 and 971: found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
Page 972 and 973: surement method is the ultimate use
Page 974 and 975: An intensity analyzer is more compl
Page 976 and 977: 23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
Page 978 and 979: Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
Page 980 and 981: a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
Page 982 and 983: Static efficiency normalized to its
Page 984 and 985: ful applications. Good results are
Page 986 and 987: Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
Page 988 and 989: Reduction of airplane engine noise
Page 990 and 991: A variety of materials are used to
Page 992 and 993: ∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
Page 994 and 995: Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
Page 996 and 997: high enough that there is little so
Page 998 and 999: 23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
Page 1000 and 1001: Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
Page 1002 and 1003: Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
Page 1004 and 1005: view of administrative procedures r
Page 1008 and 1009: sound power levels of noise sources
Page 1010 and 1011: 23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
Page 1012 and 1013: in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
Page 1014 and 1015: 23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017: 1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1046 and 1047: Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049: Under such conditions the intensity
Page 1050 and 1051: a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
Page 1052 and 1053: τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055: Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
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crophones are calibrated with a pis
Page 1060 and 1061:
Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
Page 1062 and 1063:
it is relatively straightforward si
Page 1064 and 1065:
intensity normal to the source. Thi
Page 1066 and 1067:
25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
Page 1068 and 1069:
25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
Page 1070 and 1071:
1078 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
Page 1094 and 1095:
course also present in ordinary hol
Page 1096 and 1097:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
Page 1098 and 1099:
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Page 1102 and 1103:
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1106 and 1107:
nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
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Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1114 and 1115:
References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
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27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
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About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
Page 1132 and 1133:
Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
Page 1134 and 1135:
Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
Page 1136 and 1137:
Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
Page 1138 and 1139:
3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
Page 1140 and 1141:
4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
Page 1142 and 1143:
7.3 Engines .......................
Page 1144 and 1145:
10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 1146 and 1147:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 1148 and 1149:
15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
Page 1150 and 1151:
19.6 Birds ........................
Page 1152 and 1153:
22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
Page 1154 and 1155:
24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
Page 1156 and 1157:
Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
Page 1158 and 1159:
British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
Page 1162 and 1163:
hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
Page 1164 and 1165:
- participation factors 909 - stiff
Page 1166 and 1167:
- musical instruments 541 - musical
Page 1168 and 1169:
- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
Page 1170 and 1171:
subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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