Introduction to Acoustics

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25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive intensity of general time-harmonic structure-borne sound fields. Proc. Fourth Int. Congr. Intens. Tech. (CETIM, Senlis 1993) pp. 63–70 25.10 U. Kurze: Zur Entwicklung eines Gerätes für komplexe Schallfeldmessungen, Acustica 20, 308–310 (1968) 25.11 J.C. Pascal, C. Carles: Systematic measurement errors with two microphone sound intensity meters, J. Sound Vib. 83, 53–65 (1982) 25.12 R.C. Heyser: Instantaneous intensity. Preprint 2399, 81st Conv. Audio Eng. Soc. (1986) 25.13 M.P. Waser, M.J. Crocker: Introduction to the twomicrophone cross-spectral method of determining sound intensity, Noise Control Eng. J. 22, 76–85 (1984) 25.14 K.J. Bastyr, G.C. Lauchle, J.A. McConnell: Development of a velocity gradient underwater acoustic intensity sensor, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 3178–3188 (1999) 25.15 H.-E. de Bree: The Microflown: An acoustic particle velocity sensor, Acoust. Australia 31, 91–94 (2003) 25.16 R. Raangs, W.F. Druyvesteyn, H.E. de Bree: A lowcost intensity probe, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 51, 344–357 (2003) 25.17 F. Jacobsen, H.-E. de Bree: A comparison of two different sound intensity measurement principles, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 1510–1517 (2005) 25.18 IEC: IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 1043 Electroacoustics - Instruments for the Measurement of Sound Intensity - Measurements with Pairs of Pressure Sensing Microphones (IEC, Geneva 1993) 25.19 ANSI: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) S1.9-1996 Instruments for the Measurement of Sound Intensity (ANSI, Washington 1996) 25.20 J.Y. Chung: Cross-spectral method of measuring acoustic intensity without error caused by instrument phase mismatch, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 1613–1616 (1978) 25.21 F.J. Fahy: Measurement of acoustic intensity using the cross-spectral density of two microphone signals, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 1057–1059 (1977) 25.22 G. Rasmussen, M. Brock: Acoustic intensity measurement probe, Proc. Rec. Devel. Acoust. Intens. (CETIM, Senlis 1981) pp. 81–88 25.23 J. Pope: Qualifying intensity measurements for sound power determination, Proc. Inter-Noise 89 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., West Lafayette 1989) pp. 1041–1046 25.24 ISO: International Organization for Standardization) 9614-1 Acoustics - Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity - Part 1: Measurement at Discrete Points (ISO, Geneva 1993) 25.25 ISO: International Organization for Standardization) 9614-2 Acoustics - Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity Sound Intensity References 1073 - Part 2: Measurement by Scanning (ISO, Geneva 1996) 25.26 ISO: International Organization for Standardization) 9614-3 Acoustics - Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity - Part 3: Precision Method for Measurement by Scanning (ISO, Geneva 2002) 25.27 ANSI: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) S12.12-1992 Engineering Method for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity (ANSI, Washington 1992) 25.28 F. Jacobsen, V. Cutanda, P.M. Juhl: A numerical and experimental investigation of the performance of sound intensity probes at high frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 953–961 (1998) 25.29 P. Juhl, F. Jacobsen: A note on measurement of sound pressure with intensity probes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 1614–1620 (2004) 25.30 S. Shirahatti, M.J. Crocker: Two-microphone finite difference approximation errors in the interference fields of point dipole sources, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 258–267 (1992) 25.31 P.S. Watkinson, F.J. Fahy: Characteristics of microphone arrangements for sound intensity measurement, J. Sound Vib. 94, 299–306 (1984) 25.32 S. Gade: Sound intensity (Theory), Brüel, Kjær Tech. Rev. 3, 3–39 (1982) 25.33 Anonymous: Product data, sound intensity pair – type 4197 (Brüel, Kjær, Nærum 2000) 25.34 E. Frederiksen, O. Schultz: Pressure microphones for intensity measurements with significantly improved phase properties, Brüel, Kjær Tech. Rev. 4, 11–12 (1986) 25.35 F. Jacobsen: A simple and effective correction for phase mismatch in intensity probes, Appl. Acoust. 33, 165–180 (1991) 25.36 S.J. Elliott: Errors in acoustic intensity measurements, J. Sound Vib. 78, 439–445 (1981) 25.37 M. Ren, F. Jacobsen: Phase mismatch errors and related indicators in sound intensity measurement, J. Sound Vib. 149, 341–347 (1991) 25.38 S. Gade: Validity of intensity measurements in partially diffuse sound field, Brüel, Kjær Tech. Rev. 4, 3–31 (1985) 25.39 F. Jacobsen: Sound field indicators: Useful tools, Noise Control Eng. J. 35, 37–46 (1990) 25.40 D.H. Munro, K.U. Ingard: On acoustic intensity measurements in the presence of mean flow, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 1402–1406 (1979) 25.41 F. Jacobsen: Intensity measurements in the presence of moderate airflow, Proc. Inter-Noise 94 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Yokohama 1994) pp. 1737– 1742 25.42 F. Jacobsen: A note on measurement of sound intensity with windscreened probes, Appl. Acoust. 42, 41–53 (1994) 25.43 P. Juhl, F. Jacobsen: A numerical investigation of the influence of windscreens on measurement of Part H 25
1074 Part H Engineering Acoustics Part H 25 sound intensity, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 937–942 (2006) 25.44 A.F. Seybert: Statistical errors in acoustic intensity measurements, J. Sound Vib. 75, 519–526 (1981) 25.45 O. Dyrlund: A note on statistical errors in acoustic intensity measurements, J. Sound Vib. 90, 585– 589 (1983) 25.46 F. Jacobsen: Random errors in sound intensity estimation, J. Sound Vib. 128, 247–257 (1989) 25.47 F. Jacobsen: Random errors in sound power determination based on intensity measurement, J. Sound Vib. 131, 475–487 (1989) 25.48 F. Jacobsen: Sound intensity measurement at low levels, J. Sound Vib. 166, 195–207 (1993) 25.49 F. Jacobsen, E.S. Olsen: Testing sound intensity probes in interference fields, Acustica 80, 115–126 (1994) 25.50 E. Frederiksen: BCR-report, Sound intensity measurement instruments. Free-field intensity sensitivity calibration and standing wave testing (Brüel, Kjær, Nærum 1992) 25.51 F. Jacobsen, E.S. Olsen: The influence of microphone vents on the performance of sound intensity probes, Appl. Acoust. 41, 25–45 (1993) 25.52 S.A. Nordby, O.H. Bjor: Measurement of sound intensity by use of a dual channel real-time analyzer and a special sound intensity microphone, Proc. Inter-Noise 84 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Honolulu 1984) pp. 1107–1110 25.53 J.A. Macadam: The measurement of sound radiation from room surfaces in lightweight buildings, Appl. Acoust. 9, 103–118 (1976) 25.54 M.C. McGary, M.J. Crocker: Surface intensity measurements on a diesel engine, Noise Control Eng. J. 16, 27–36 (1981) 25.55 Y. Hirao, K. Yamamoto, K. Nakamura, S. Ueha: Development of a hand-held sensor probe for detection of sound components radiated from a specific device using surface intensity measurements, Appl. Acoust. 65, 719–735 (2004) 25.56 F. Jacobsen, V. Jaud: A note on the calibration of pressure-velocity sound intensity probes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 830–837 (2006) 25.57 F. Jacobsen: A critical examination of some of the field indicators proposed in connection with sound power determination using the intensity technique, Proc. Fourth Internat. Congr. Sound Vib. (IIAV, St. Petersburg 1996) pp. 1889–1896 25.58 T. Astrup: Measurement of sound power using the acoustic intensity method –A consultant’s viewpoint, Appl. Acoust. 50, 111–123 (1997) 25.59 S. Weyna: The application of sound intensity technique in research on noise abatement in ships, Appl. Acoust. 44, 341–351 (1995) 25.60 E.G. Williams, J.D. Maynard: Intensity vector field mapping with nearfield holography, Proc. Rec. Devel. Acoust. Intens (CETIM, Senlis 1981) pp. 31–36 25.61 E.G. Williams: Supersonic acoustic intensity on planar sources, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 2845–2850 (1998) 25.62 U.S. Shirahatti, M.J. Crocker: Studies of the sound power estimation of a noise source using the twomicrophone sound intensity technique, Acustica 80, 378–387 (1994) 25.63 M.J. Crocker: Sound power determination from sound intensity – To scan or not to scan, Noise Contr. Eng. J. 27, 67 (1986) 25.64 O.K.Ø. Pettersen, H. Olsen: On spatial sampling using the scanning intensity technique, Appl. Acoust. 50, 141–153 (1997) 25.65 F.J. Fahy: International standards for the determination of sound power levels of sources using sound intensity measurement: An exposition, Appl. Acoust. 50, 97–109 (1997) 25.66 F. Jacobsen: Sound power determination using the intensity technique in the presence of diffuse background noise, J. Sound Vib. 159, 353–371 (1992) 25.67 H.G. Jonasson: Sound intensity and sound reduction index, Appl. Acoust. 40, 281–293 (1993) 25.68 B. Forssen, M.J. Crocker: Estimation of acoustic velocity, surface velocity, and radiation efficiency by use of the two-microphone technique, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1047–1053 (1983) 25.69 ISO: ISO 15186-1 Acoustics - Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity - Part 1: Laboratory measurements (ISO, Geneva 2000) 25.70 ISO: ISO 15186-2 Acoustics - Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity - Part 2: Field measurements (ISO, Geneva 2003) 25.71 J. Roland, C. Martin, M. Villot: Room to room transmission: What is really measured by intensity? Proc. 2nd Intern. Congr. Acoust. Intens. (CETIM, Senlis 1985) pp. 539–546 25.72 E. Halliwell, A.C.C. Warnock: Sound transmission loss: Comparison of conventional techniques with sound intensity techniques, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 2094–2103 (1985) 25.73 R.V. Waterhouse: Interference patters in reverberant sound fields, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 247–258 (1955) 25.74 ISO: ISO 3741:1999 Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure - Precision methods for reverberation rooms (ISO, Geneva 1999) 25.75 A. Ismai: On the application of the Waterhouse correction in sound insulation measurement. In: Proc. Inter-Noise 2006 (Int. Inst. Noise Control. Eng., Honolulu 2006) 25.76 H.G. Jonasson: Determination of emission sound pressure level and sound power level in situ, SP Rep. 18 (Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Borås 1999)
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
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have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
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a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
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Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
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Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
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is of key importance in rooms where
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Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
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TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
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Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
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As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
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Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
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Gypsum board partition (as schedule
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Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
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Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
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E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
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Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
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the mass matrix is taken to be cons
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Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
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form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
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first to solve the wave equation (2
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5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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conditions at each end) are necessa
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from which we can derive through (2
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In this case, the eigenfrequencies
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of radiation modes and their link w
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Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
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notes the value of this eigenmode a
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Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
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where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
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Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
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(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
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Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
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Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
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for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
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F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
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whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
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Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
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22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
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Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
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where the overbars represent time a
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Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
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90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
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Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
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When each segment of the measuremen
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found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
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surement method is the ultimate use
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An intensity analyzer is more compl
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23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
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Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
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a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
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Static efficiency normalized to its
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ful applications. Good results are
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Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
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Reduction of airplane engine noise
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A variety of materials are used to
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∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
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Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
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high enough that there is little so
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23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
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Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
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Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
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view of administrative procedures r
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provides recommendations for a foll
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sound power levels of noise sources
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23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
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in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
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23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017: 1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1046 and 1047: Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049: Under such conditions the intensity
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Page 1052 and 1053: τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055: Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
Page 1058 and 1059: crophones are calibrated with a pis
Page 1060 and 1061: Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
Page 1062 and 1063: it is relatively straightforward si
Page 1064 and 1065: intensity normal to the source. Thi
Page 1068 and 1069: 25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
Page 1092 and 1093: Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
Page 1094 and 1095: course also present in ordinary hol
Page 1096 and 1097: Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
Page 1102 and 1103: 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105: a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1106 and 1107: nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
Page 1112 and 1113: Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1114 and 1115: References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
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27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
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1128 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
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Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
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Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
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Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
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3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
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4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
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7.3 Engines .......................
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10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
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19.6 Birds ........................
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22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
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24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
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Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
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British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
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hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
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- participation factors 909 - stiff
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- musical instruments 541 - musical
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- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
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subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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