Introduction to Acoustics

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23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics – Declared noise emission values of computer and business equipment (ISO, Geneva 1988) 23.69 Swedish Agency for Public Management: Acoustical Noise Emission of Information Technology Equipment, Statskontoret, Statskontoret Technical Standard, Vol. 26.5 (Swedish Agency for Public Management, Stockholm 2002) 23.70 EU Official: Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May, 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors, Official J. Eur. Communities L162/1 (2000) 23.71 Blauer Engel: Umwelt Bundesamt, Dessau Germany, www.blauer-engel.de 23.72 V. Irmer, E.F.-S. Ali: Reduction of noise emission of construction machines due to the "Blue Angel" award, Noise News Int. 7, 73–80 (1999) 23.73 www.europe.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel 23.74 EU Official: Commission decision of 22 August 2001 establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to personal computers, Official J. Eur. Communities L242/4 (2001) 23.75 EU Official: Commission decision of 28 August 2001 establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to portable computers, Official J. Eur. Communities L242/11 (2001) 23.76 S. Ingemansson: Noise and Vibration Control – Principles and Applications (Ingemansson Technology AB, Gothenburg 2000), The URL is www.ingemansson.com. The booklet is a set of principles of noise control accompanied by illustrations and an example of the application of each principle. The booklet was jointly published by Ingemansson AB and the INCE Foundation 23.77 R.V. Waterhouse: Output of a sound source in a reverberation chamber and other reflecting environments, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 4–12 (1958) 23.78 R.D. Madison: Fan Engineering, 5th edn. (Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo 1949) 23.79 ISO: ISO 10302 :1996. Acoustics – Measurement of airborne noise emitted by small air moving devices (ISO, Geneva 1996) 23.80 ANSI: ANSI S12.11-2003/Part 1 ; ISO 10302 :1996 (MOD). American National Standard/Acoustics – Measurement of noise and vibration of small air moving devices. Part 1. Airborne noise emission (Acoust. Soc. Am., Melville 2003) 23.81 G.C. Maling Jr.: Measurements of the noise generated by centrifugal blowers , J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1913(A) (1963) 23.82 ANSI: ANSI S12.11-2003/Part 2. Acoustics – Measurement of noise and vibration of small air moving devices. Part 2: Structure-borne vibration (Acoust. Soc. Am., Melville 2003) 23.83 G.C. Maling: Historical developments in the control of noise generated by small air-moving devices, Noise Control Eng. J. 42, 159–169 (1994) 23.84 G.C. Maling, D.M. Yeager: Acoustical noise measurement and control in electronic systems. In: Thermal Measurements in Electronics Cooling, ed. by K. Azar (CRC, Boca Raton 1997) pp. 425– 467 23.85 K.B. Washburn, G.C. Lauchle: Inlet flow conditions and tonal sound radiation from a subsonic fan, Noise Control Eng. J. 31, 101–110 (1988) 23.86 H.F. Olson, E.G. May: Electronic sound absorber, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 1130–1136 (1953) 23.87 P.A. Nelson, S.J. Elliott: Active Control of Sound (Academic, San Diego 1992) 23.88 C.H. Hansen, S.D. Snyder: Active Control of Noise and Vibration (E &FN Spon, Florence 1997) 23.89 P.A. Nelson, S.J. Elliott: Active noise control, Noise News Int. 2, 75–98 (1994) 23.90 J. Tichy: Applications for active control of sound and vibration, Noise News Int. 4, 73–86 (1996) 23.91 C.R. Fuller: Active control of sound radiation from structures, progress and future directions, Proc. AC- TIVE 02 (Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton 2002), paper P236 23.92 C.H. Hansen: Current and future applications of active noise control, Proc. ACTIVE 04 (Institute of Noise Control Engineering USA, Williamsburg 2004), paper a04_053 23.93 J. Scheuren: Engineering applications of active sound and vibration control, Proc. ACTIVE 04 (Institute of Noise Control Engineering USA, Williamsburg 2004), paper A04_100 23.94 B.B. Monson, S.D. Sommerfeldt: Active control of tonal noise from small cooling fans, Proc ACTIVE 04 (Institute of Noise Control Engineering USA, Williamsburg 2004), paper A04_040 23.95 A.J. Brammer, R.B. Crabtree, D.R. Peterson, M.G. Cherniack, S. Gullapappi: Active headsets: Influence of control structure on communication signals and noise reduction, Proc. ACTIVE 04 (Institute of Noise Control Engineering USA, Williamsburg 2004), paper A094_095 23.96 Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA: Technical papers from the ACTIVE symposia in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2002, and 2004 (Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Ames 2004), Collected papers from the ACTIVE series on CD-ROM, see the URL www.atlasbooks.com/marktplc/00726.htm 23.97 U. Sandberg, Convenor: International INCE Final Report 01-1, Noise Emissions of Road Vehicles: Effects of regulations, Noise News Int. 9, 147–206 (2001) 23.98 ISO: ISO 362:1998 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by accelerating road vehicles (ISO, Geneva 1998) Noise References 1013 Part G 23
1014 Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise Part G 23 23.99 U. Sandberg, J.A. Ejsmont: Tyre/Road Reference Book (Informex, Kisa 2002) 23.100 Y.-J. Kim, J.S. Bolton: Modeling tire treadband vibration, Proc. INTER-NOISE 01 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., The Hague 2001), paper in01_716 23.101 A. Kuijpers, G. van Blokland: Tyre/road noise models in the last two decades: a critical evaluation, Proc. INTER-NOISE 01 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., The Hague 2001), paper in01_706 23.102 W. Kropp, K. Larsson, F. Wullens, P. Andersson, F.-X. Bécot, T. Beckenbauer: The modeling of tyre/road noise – A quasi three-dimensional model, Proc. INTER-NOISE 01 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., The Hague 2001), paper in01_657 23.103 F. de Roo, E. Gerretsen, E.H. Mulder: Predictive performance of the tyre-road noise model TRIAS, Proc. INTER-NOISE 01 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., The Hague 2001), paper in01_706 23.104 R. Bernhard, N. Franchek, V. Drnevich: Tire/pavement interaction noise research activities of the Institute for Safe, Quiet, and Durable Highways, Proc. INTER- NOISE 00 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Nice 2000), paper in2000/543 23.105 U. Sandberg, H. Ohnishi, N. Kondo, S. Meiarashi: Poroelastic road surfaces – state-of-the-art review, Proc INTER-NOISE 00 (French Acoustical Society, Nice 2000), paper in2002/772 23.106 W.D. Thornton, R.J. Bernhard, D.I. Hanson, L. Scofield: Acoustical variability of existing pavements, Proc. NOISE-CON 04 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Baltimore 2004), paper nc040275 23.107 P.R. Donavan, L. Scofield: Proc. NOISE-CON 04 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Baltimore 2004), paper nc040448 23.108 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 14CFR Part 36, Noise Standards, Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification, as amended (Federal Register, Vol. 67, No. 130, 45193-45237, July 08, 2002) 23.109 International Standards and Recommended Practices, Environmental Protection, Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume 1: Aircraft Noise, 3rd edn., (July 1993), International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada, including Amendments 1 through 7 as of 2002 March 21 23.110 W.L. Willshire Jr., D.G. Stephens: Aircraft noise technology for the 21st century, Proc. NOISE-CON 98 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Ypsilanti 1998), paper NC980007.pdf 23.111 P. Condit: Performance, Process and Value: Commercial aircraft design in the 21st century. 1996 Wright Brothers Lectureshipin Aeronautics, World Aviation Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles,California, October 22, 1996 23.112 H.H. Hubbard (Ed.): NASA Reference Publication 1258, Vols. 1 and 2 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton 1991) 23.113 A.H. Marsh: Noise control for in-service jet transports, Proc. INTER-NOISE 94, 1, 199-204 (Int. Noise Control Eng. Japan, Yokohama 1994) 23.114 A.H. Marsh: ISO 5129:2001 – The international standard for measurement of noise in the interior of aircraft, Proc. INTER-NOISE 2004 (Czech Acoustical Society, Prague 2004), paper 218 23.115 ISO 5129: 2001, Acoustics – Measurement of sound pressure levels in the interior of aircraft during flight (ISO, Geneva 2001) 23.116 T.F.W. Embleton: Tutorial on sound propagation outdoors, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 31–48 (1996) 23.117 G.A. Daigle, Convenor: International INCE Technical Report 99-1, Technical assessment of the effectiveness of noise walls, Noise News Int. 7, 137–161 (1999) 23.118 ANSI: American National Standard S12.8-1988, Methods for determining the insertion loss of outdoor noise barriers (Acoust. Soc. Am., Melville 1988) 23.119 FHWA Internet Home Page, http://www.fhwa.gov. Search for "noise barriers" 23.120 K.D. Polcak: Highway traffic noise barriers in the U.S. – construction trends and cost analysis, Noise News Int. 11, 96–108 (2003) 23.121 U.S. Federal Highway Administration: FHWA Traffic Noise Model, Version 2.5 (U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington 2004) 23.122 C.W. Menge, G.S. Anderson, D.E. Barrett: Experiences with USDOTs Traffic Noise Model (TNM), Proc. NOISE-CON 01 (Int. Inst. Noise Control Eng., Portland 2001), paper nc01_083 23.123 J.L. Rochat: Highway traffic noise measurements at acoustically hard ground sites compared to predictions from FHWA’s Traffic Noise Model, Proc. NOISE-CON 01 (Int. Inst.Noise Control Eng., Portland 2001), paper nc01_082 23.124 ECMA: Technical Report TR/27, Method for the prediction of installation noise levels (ECMA, Geneva 1995), Available for download at www.ecma.ch. ECMA was formerly the European Computer Manufacturers Association 23.125 K.U. Ingard: www.ingard.com. The program used was AbsMtl, Version 2.0 23.126 A.G. Galaitsis: Predicted sound interaction with a cascade of porous resistive layers in a duct, Noise Control Eng. J. 26, 62–67 (1986) 23.127 K.U. Ingard: Notes on Sound Absorbers-N3 1999. (www.ingard.com) 23.128 K.U. Ingard: Notes on Sound Absorbers-N3 1999. (www.ingard.com, 1999) CD-ROM. See program AbsFlxSP 23.129 ISO: ISO 10534-1: 1996. Acoustics – Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes – Part 1: Method using standing wave ratio (ISO, Geneva 1996) 23.130 ISO: ISO 10534-2: 1998. Acoustics – Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
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have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
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a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
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Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
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Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
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is of key importance in rooms where
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Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
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TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
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Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
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As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
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Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
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Gypsum board partition (as schedule
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Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
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Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
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E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
Page 862 and 863:
Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
Page 906 and 907:
the mass matrix is taken to be cons
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Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
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form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
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first to solve the wave equation (2
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5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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conditions at each end) are necessa
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from which we can derive through (2
Page 922 and 923:
In this case, the eigenfrequencies
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of radiation modes and their link w
Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
Page 928 and 929:
notes the value of this eigenmode a
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Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
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Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
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(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
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Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
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Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
Page 942 and 943:
for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
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F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
Page 946 and 947:
whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
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Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
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22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
Page 958 and 959:
Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
Page 960 and 961: where the overbars represent time a
Page 962 and 963: Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
Page 964 and 965: 90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
Page 966 and 967: Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
Page 968 and 969: When each segment of the measuremen
Page 970 and 971: found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
Page 972 and 973: surement method is the ultimate use
Page 974 and 975: An intensity analyzer is more compl
Page 976 and 977: 23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
Page 978 and 979: Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
Page 980 and 981: a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
Page 982 and 983: Static efficiency normalized to its
Page 984 and 985: ful applications. Good results are
Page 986 and 987: Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
Page 988 and 989: Reduction of airplane engine noise
Page 990 and 991: A variety of materials are used to
Page 992 and 993: ∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
Page 994 and 995: Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
Page 996 and 997: high enough that there is little so
Page 998 and 999: 23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
Page 1000 and 1001: Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
Page 1002 and 1003: Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
Page 1004 and 1005: view of administrative procedures r
Page 1006 and 1007: provides recommendations for a foll
Page 1008 and 1009: sound power levels of noise sources
Page 1012 and 1013: in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
Page 1014 and 1015: 23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017: 1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1046 and 1047: Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049: Under such conditions the intensity
Page 1050 and 1051: a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
Page 1052 and 1053: τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055: Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
Page 1058 and 1059: crophones are calibrated with a pis
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Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
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it is relatively straightforward si
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intensity normal to the source. Thi
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25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
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25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
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1078 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
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course also present in ordinary hol
Page 1096 and 1097:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
Page 1098 and 1099:
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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
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nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
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Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1114 and 1115:
References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
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27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
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About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
Page 1132 and 1133:
Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
Page 1134 and 1135:
Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
Page 1136 and 1137:
Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
Page 1138 and 1139:
3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
Page 1140 and 1141:
4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
Page 1142 and 1143:
7.3 Engines .......................
Page 1144 and 1145:
10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 1146 and 1147:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 1148 and 1149:
15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
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19.6 Birds ........................
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22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
Page 1154 and 1155:
24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
Page 1156 and 1157:
Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
Page 1158 and 1159:
British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
Page 1162 and 1163:
hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
Page 1164 and 1165:
- participation factors 909 - stiff
Page 1166 and 1167:
- musical instruments 541 - musical
Page 1168 and 1169:
- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
Page 1170 and 1171:
subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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