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Introduction to Acoustics
Introduction to Acoustics
Introduction to Acoustics
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Springer<br />
Handbook<br />
of <strong>Acoustics</strong><br />
Thomas D. Rossing (Ed.)<br />
With CD-ROM, 962 Figures and 91 Tables<br />
123
Springer Handbook of <strong>Acoustics</strong> Thomas D. Rossing (Ed.) With CD-ROM, 962 Figures and 91 Tables 123
Edi<strong>to</strong>r: Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and <strong>Acoustics</strong> Stanford, CA 94305, USA Edi<strong>to</strong>rial Board: Manfred R. Schroeder, University of Göttingen, Germany William M. Hartmann, Michigan State University, USA Neville H. Fletcher, Australian National University, Australia Floyd Dunn, University of Illinois, USA D. Murray Campbell, The University of Edinburgh, UK Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927050 ISBN: 978-0-387-30446-5 e-ISBN: 0-387-30425-0 Printed on acid free paper c○ 2007, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC New York All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC New York, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information s<strong>to</strong>rage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not <strong>to</strong> be taken as an expression of opinion as <strong>to</strong> whether or not they are subject <strong>to</strong> proprietary rights. The use of designations, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Production and typesetting: LE-TeX GbR, Leipzig Handbook Manager: Dr. W. Skolaut, Heidelberg Typography and layout: schreiberVIS, Seeheim Illustrations: schreiberVIS, Seeheim & Hippmann GbR, Schwarzenbruck Cover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen, Barcelona Cover production: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printing and binding: Stürtz AG, Würzburg SPIN 11309031 100/3100/YL 543210
- Page 2 and 3: Springer Handbook of Acoustics
- Page 6 and 7: Foreword The present handbook cover
- Page 8 and 9: List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
- Page 10 and 11: Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
- Page 12 and 13: XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
- Page 14 and 15: XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
- Page 16 and 17: XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
- Page 18 and 19: XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
- Page 20 and 21: XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
- Page 22 and 23: Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
- Page 24 and 25: of noise have been the subject of c
- Page 26 and 27: in order to understand how objectiv
- Page 28 and 29: A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
- Page 30 and 31: of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
- Page 32 and 33: number and relative strength of its
- Page 34 and 35: To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
- Page 36 and 37: Probably the most important use of
- Page 38 and 39: piezoelectric ceramic compositions
- Page 40 and 41: surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
- Page 42 and 43: ther of computer music, since he de
- Page 44 and 45: Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
- Page 46 and 47: M average molecular weight n unit v
- Page 48 and 49: a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
- Page 50 and 51: temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
- Page 52 and 53: The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
- Page 56 and 57:
Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
- Page 60 and 61:
assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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116 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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118 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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120 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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122 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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124 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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126 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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128 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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130 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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132 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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134 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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136 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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138 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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140 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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142 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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144 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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146 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
- Page 182 and 183:
a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
- Page 204 and 205:
a factor when there is a reverberan
- Page 206 and 207:
depth measurements that correspond
- Page 208 and 209:
along the cross-shelf track taken b
- Page 210 and 211:
time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
- Page 218 and 219:
out. These data allow for study of
- Page 220 and 221:
5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
- Page 238 and 239:
as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
- Page 240 and 241:
the number of false positives and m
- Page 242 and 243:
with the small mass), and frequency
- Page 244 and 245:
Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
- Page 248 and 249:
Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
- Page 250 and 251:
terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
- Page 256 and 257:
Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
- Page 258 and 259:
walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
- Page 264 and 265:
tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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260 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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262 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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264 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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266 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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268 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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270 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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272 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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274 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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276 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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278 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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280 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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282 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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284 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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286 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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288 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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290 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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292 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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294 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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296 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
- Page 322 and 323:
ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
- Page 332 and 333:
ated by the architects. However, on
- Page 334 and 335:
of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
- Page 346 and 347:
Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
- Page 372 and 373:
10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
- Page 378 and 379:
have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
- Page 382 and 383:
Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
- Page 386 and 387:
Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
- Page 394 and 395:
Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
- Page 396 and 397:
a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
- Page 400 and 401:
Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
- Page 404 and 405:
Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
- Page 406 and 407:
is of key importance in rooms where
- Page 408 and 409:
Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
- Page 410 and 411:
TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
- Page 412 and 413:
Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
- Page 416 and 417:
As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
- Page 420 and 421:
Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
- Page 424 and 425:
Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
- Page 426 and 427:
Gypsum board partition (as schedule
- Page 428 and 429:
Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
- Page 432 and 433:
Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
- Page 436 and 437:
E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
- Page 440 and 441:
432 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
- Page 442 and 443:
434 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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436 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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438 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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440 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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442 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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444 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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446 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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448 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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450 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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452 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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454 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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456 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
- Page 476 and 477:
In a variation of this procedure, t
- Page 478 and 479:
Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
- Page 480 and 481:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
- Page 482 and 483:
Most models include an initial stag
- Page 484 and 485:
The components were either uniforml
- Page 486 and 487:
(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
- Page 488 and 489:
elaborate place models have been pr
- Page 490 and 491:
13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
- Page 492 and 493:
the duplex theory of sound localiza
- Page 494 and 495:
harmonic (by shifting the frequency
- Page 496 and 497:
sive. While some studies have been
- Page 498 and 499:
sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
- Page 500 and 501:
components is usually only perceive
- Page 502 and 503:
References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
- Page 504 and 505:
13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
- Page 506 and 507:
asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
- Page 508 and 509:
13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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504 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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506 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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508 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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510 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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512 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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514 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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516 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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518 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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520 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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522 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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524 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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526 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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528 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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530 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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536 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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538 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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540 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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542 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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544 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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546 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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548 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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550 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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552 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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554 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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556 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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558 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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560 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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562 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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564 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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566 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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568 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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570 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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572 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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574 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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576 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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578 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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580 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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582 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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584 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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586 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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588 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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590 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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592 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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594 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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596 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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598 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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600 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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602 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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604 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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606 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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608 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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610 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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612 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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614 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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616 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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618 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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620 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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622 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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624 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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626 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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628 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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630 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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632 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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634 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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636 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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638 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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640 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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642 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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644 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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646 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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648 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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650 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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652 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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654 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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656 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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658 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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660 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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662 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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664 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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666 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
- Page 674 and 675:
uation, the effect of gravity is in
- Page 676 and 677:
piratory muscles (the internal inte
- Page 678 and 679:
Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
- Page 680 and 681:
Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
- Page 682 and 683:
Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
- Page 684 and 685:
Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
- Page 686 and 687:
20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
- Page 688 and 689:
Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
- Page 690 and 691:
This topic was addressed by Ladefog
- Page 692 and 693:
Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
- Page 694 and 695:
Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
- Page 696 and 697:
100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
- Page 698 and 699:
tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
- Page 700 and 701:
Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
- Page 702 and 703:
Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
- Page 704 and 705:
The # symbol indicates the possibil
- Page 706 and 707:
Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
- Page 708 and 709:
tional rather than absolute (à la
- Page 710 and 711:
16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
- Page 712 and 713:
esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
- Page 714 and 715:
16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
- Page 716 and 717:
Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
- Page 718 and 719:
Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
- Page 720 and 721:
Some might notice that linear inter
- Page 722 and 723:
pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
- Page 724 and 725:
0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
- Page 726 and 727:
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
- Page 728 and 729:
synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
- Page 730 and 731:
x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
- Page 734 and 735:
0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
- Page 736 and 737:
-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
- Page 738 and 739:
0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
- Page 740 and 741:
17.10 Composition The history of co
- Page 742 and 743:
and variance of the features can be
- Page 744 and 745:
17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
- Page 746 and 747:
Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
- Page 748 and 749:
Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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788 Part F Biological and Medical A
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790 Part F Biological and Medical A
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792 Part F Biological and Medical A
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794 Part F Biological and Medical A
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796 Part F Biological and Medical A
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798 Part F Biological and Medical A
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800 Part F Biological and Medical A
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802 Part F Biological and Medical A
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804 Part F Biological and Medical A
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806 Part F Biological and Medical A
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808 Part F Biological and Medical A
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810 Part F Biological and Medical A
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812 Part F Biological and Medical A
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814 Part F Biological and Medical A
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816 Part F Biological and Medical A
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818 Part F Biological and Medical A
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820 Part F Biological and Medical A
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822 Part F Biological and Medical A
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824 Part F Biological and Medical A
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826 Part F Biological and Medical A
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828 Part F Biological and Medical A
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830 Part F Biological and Medical A
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832 Part F Biological and Medical A
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834 Part F Biological and Medical A
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836 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
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Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
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the mass matrix is taken to be cons
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Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
- Page 912 and 913:
form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
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first to solve the wave equation (2
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5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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conditions at each end) are necessa
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from which we can derive through (2
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In this case, the eigenfrequencies
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of radiation modes and their link w
- Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
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notes the value of this eigenmode a
- Page 930 and 931:
Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
- Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
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Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
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(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
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Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
- Page 940 and 941:
Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
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for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
- Page 944 and 945:
F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
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whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
- Page 948 and 949:
4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
- Page 954 and 955:
Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
- Page 956 and 957:
22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
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Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
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where the overbars represent time a
- Page 962 and 963:
Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
- Page 964 and 965:
90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
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Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
- Page 968 and 969:
When each segment of the measuremen
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found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
- Page 972 and 973:
surement method is the ultimate use
- Page 974 and 975:
An intensity analyzer is more compl
- Page 976 and 977:
23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
- Page 978 and 979:
Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
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a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
- Page 982 and 983:
Static efficiency normalized to its
- Page 984 and 985:
ful applications. Good results are
- Page 986 and 987:
Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
- Page 988 and 989:
Reduction of airplane engine noise
- Page 990 and 991:
A variety of materials are used to
- Page 992 and 993:
∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
- Page 994 and 995:
Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
- Page 996 and 997:
high enough that there is little so
- Page 998 and 999:
23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
- Page 1000 and 1001:
Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
- Page 1002 and 1003:
Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
- Page 1004 and 1005:
view of administrative procedures r
- Page 1006 and 1007:
provides recommendations for a foll
- Page 1008 and 1009:
sound power levels of noise sources
- Page 1010 and 1011:
23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
- Page 1012 and 1013:
in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
- Page 1014 and 1015:
23.194 Commission of the European C
- Page 1016 and 1017:
1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1018 and 1019:
1024 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1020 and 1021:
1026 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1028 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1024 and 1025:
1030 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1026 and 1027:
1032 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1028 and 1029:
1034 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1036 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1038 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1040 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1042 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1038 and 1039:
1044 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1046 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1042 and 1043:
1048 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1050 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1046 and 1047:
Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
- Page 1048 and 1049:
Under such conditions the intensity
- Page 1050 and 1051:
a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
- Page 1052 and 1053:
τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
- Page 1054 and 1055:
Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
- Page 1056 and 1057:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
- Page 1058 and 1059:
crophones are calibrated with a pis
- Page 1060 and 1061:
Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
- Page 1062 and 1063:
it is relatively straightforward si
- Page 1064 and 1065:
intensity normal to the source. Thi
- Page 1066 and 1067:
25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
- Page 1068 and 1069:
25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
- Page 1070 and 1071:
1078 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1072 and 1073:
1080 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1074 and 1075:
1082 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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1084 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1078 and 1079:
1086 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1080 and 1081:
1088 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1082 and 1083:
1090 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1084 and 1085:
1092 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1086 and 1087:
1094 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1088 and 1089:
1096 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1090 and 1091:
1098 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1092 and 1093:
Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
- Page 1094 and 1095:
course also present in ordinary hol
- Page 1096 and 1097:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
- Page 1098 and 1099:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
- Page 1100 and 1101:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
- Page 1102 and 1103:
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
- Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
- Page 1106 and 1107:
nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
- Page 1108 and 1109:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
- Page 1110 and 1111:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
- Page 1112 and 1113:
Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
- Page 1114 and 1115:
References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
- Page 1116 and 1117:
27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
- Page 1118 and 1119:
1128 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1120 and 1121:
1130 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1122 and 1123:
1132 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1124 and 1125:
1134 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1126 and 1127:
1136 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1128 and 1129:
1138 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
- Page 1130 and 1131:
About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
- Page 1132 and 1133:
Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
- Page 1134 and 1135:
Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
- Page 1136 and 1137:
Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
- Page 1138 and 1139:
3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
- Page 1140 and 1141:
4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
- Page 1142 and 1143:
7.3 Engines .......................
- Page 1144 and 1145:
10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
- Page 1146 and 1147:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
- Page 1148 and 1149:
15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
- Page 1150 and 1151:
19.6 Birds ........................
- Page 1152 and 1153:
22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
- Page 1154 and 1155:
24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
- Page 1156 and 1157:
Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
- Page 1158 and 1159:
British Medical Ultrasound Society
- Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
- Page 1162 and 1163:
hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
- Page 1164 and 1165:
- participation factors 909 - stiff
- Page 1166 and 1167:
- musical instruments 541 - musical
- Page 1168 and 1169:
- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
- Page 1170 and 1171:
subjective preference theory 353 su
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