Introduction to Acoustics

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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with angle iron clips for securing top resiliently Stop wall-board short by 1.27cm pack remaining space with glass fiber and seal with permanently resilient sealant Sway 2 layers 1.6cm thick gypsum-board, all joints staggered and sealed air tight Isolate steel stud plate with neoprene pads Pack and seal bottom of gypsum board same as top brace Metal stud Blanket insulation Fig. 11.33 Cross section of a resiliently mounted wall on a concrete building structure a) b) 2 layers 1.6 cm thick gypsum-board, all joints staggered and sealed air tight No bracing between studs; horizontal bracing between studs of the same stud row is acceptable Control joint Fig. 11.34 Cross section of effective double-stud wall junction designs Building Acoustics 11.5 Noise Control Methods for Building Systems 409 ing place), Fig. 11.33 shows the conceptual design for a resiliently mounted wall. Figure 11.34 shows appropriate designs for intersections of double-studded walls. A common path for sound leaks between rooms in buildings with large windows as facades is the connection between walls and those windows. Figures 11.35 and 11.36 show designs that effectively minimize sound transmission between rooms having this situation, Fig. 11.35 with a permanent installation and Fig. 11.36 with a curtain wall design. Floor/Ceilings Noise control design for floor/ceiling assemblies typically involves a significant amount of vibration isolation to minimize the transmission of footfall and other impact noise between floors. The design concepts that minimize vibration between floors can also be used to minimize sound transmission between floors. The most common noise control design for floors is the floating floor system, in which a layer of resilient material is placed between the floor structure and the subflooring. More complicated measures are required for effective control of the high vibration and noise levels that can be associated with mechanical equipment in buildings. Figures 11.37–11.43 offer design concepts for resiliently mounted ceilings for mechanical rooms or other noisy spaces. Figure 11.44 shows a sound isolating design for a metal roof deck and Fig. 11.45 shows a sound isolating design for a concrete roof deck. Preferred condition: Caulked gap, control joint or resiliently mounted GWB Acceptable condition: Continuous GWB Resilient mounts Part C 11.5
410 Part C Architectural Acoustics Part C 11.5 Window system mullion End cap (typ. both sides) Glass-fiber batt insulation (if possible) Blocking to match width of mullion Partition as scheduled Window glass Paintable particle board covering entire height of mullion Permanently resilient sealant (typ. both sides) Fig. 11.35 Cross section of an effective mullion/partition junction Window glass Window glass Compressible foam sealer with caulk full height Scheduled partition (varies) Curtain wall system Fig. 11.36 Cross section of an effective mullion/partition junction with a curtain wall system Windows and Doors Windows and doors often have the lowest TL ratings of a wall system and are therefore often the sources of noise leaks through partitions. In addition to their lower TL ratings than the main wall, installation with air gaps Steel structure Concrete Caulk around perimeter 7.6cm glass fiber batt insulation Vibration isolation hangar Double layer gypsum board enclosure on steel framing Fig. 11.37 Cross section of a resiliently mounted gypsumboard ceiling Concrete slab Neoprene hangers Steel framing Steel structure Caulk 7.6cm glass fiber around batt insulation perimeter Double-layer gypsum board ceiling Steel grid for support of all ceiling hung equipment rigidly suspended from structural steel Fig. 11.38 Cross section of a sound insulating gypsum board ceiling framed from I-beams around them can significantly compromise their noise control effectiveness. Many window manufacturers provide models that offer significant sound insulation and each of these manufacturers offers its own acoustical test data and design parameters. As for walls, larger air spaces between double-paned designs will provide better sound insulation than single-paned windows of the same thickness. For those wishing to manufacture custom soundinsulating windows, Fig. 11.46 shows some design
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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Page 372 and 373: 10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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Page 412 and 413: Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Page 432 and 433: Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Page 438 and 439: 430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
Page 466 and 467: Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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504 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
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Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
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the mass matrix is taken to be cons
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Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
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form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
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first to solve the wave equation (2
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5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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conditions at each end) are necessa
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from which we can derive through (2
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In this case, the eigenfrequencies
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of radiation modes and their link w
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Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
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notes the value of this eigenmode a
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Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
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where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
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Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
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(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
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Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
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Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
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for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
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F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
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whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
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Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
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22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
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Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
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where the overbars represent time a
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Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
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90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
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Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
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When each segment of the measuremen
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found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
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surement method is the ultimate use
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An intensity analyzer is more compl
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23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
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Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
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a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
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Static efficiency normalized to its
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ful applications. Good results are
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Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
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Reduction of airplane engine noise
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A variety of materials are used to
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∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
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Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
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high enough that there is little so
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23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
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Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
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Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
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view of administrative procedures r
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provides recommendations for a foll
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sound power levels of noise sources
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23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
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in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
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23.194 Commission of the European C
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1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
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Under such conditions the intensity
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a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
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τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
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Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
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8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
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crophones are calibrated with a pis
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Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
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it is relatively straightforward si
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intensity normal to the source. Thi
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25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
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25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
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Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
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course also present in ordinary hol
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Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
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a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
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nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
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Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
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References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
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27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
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About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
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Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
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Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
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Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
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3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
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4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
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7.3 Engines .......................
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10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
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19.6 Birds ........................
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22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
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24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
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Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
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British Medical Ultrasound Society
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electric circuit analogues - acoust
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hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
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- participation factors 909 - stiff
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- musical instruments 541 - musical
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- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
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subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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