Introduction to Acoustics

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hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IACC (interaural cross-correlation coefficient) 310 IACC (magnitude of the IACF) 351 IACF (interaural cross-correlation function) 351, 352, 357 IAD (interaural amplitude difference) 750 ICAO (International Civil Aircraft Organization) 989 identification and ranking of noise sources 1068 identity analysis/resynthesis 726 IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform) 719 IEC standard 1058, 1065 IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) 177 IHC 441, 443, 444 IHC (inner hair cells) 434–436 IIC (impact insulation class) 396 IL (insertion loss) 118 IM (intermodulation) 755 impact insulation class (IIC) 396 impedance – acoustic 211, 799, 801 – cavity 801 – cylindrical pipe 605 – mechanical 799, 801 impedance matrix 794, 802 – horns 801 – tube 801, 802 impedance transformation 432 impedance transformer 432 impulse response 516, 904, 916 – function (IRF) 1132 IMT (intima-media thickness) 851 increment detection 472 incus 429, 433 inertance 241 infinite impulse response (IIR) 525, 724 infinite-duration signals 510 information content 529 information theory 528 information transfer ratio 530 infrasound 2 inharmonic spectrum 727, 728 inharmonicity 563, 923 initial time delay gap (ITDG) 310 initial time delay gap between the direct sound and the first reflection 351 inner hair cells (IHC) 434–436 input impedance 1024 – brass instrument 612 – cylindrical pipe 604 insects 788, 789 – sound production 788 insertion loss (IL) 118 instantaneous sound intensity 1054, 1056 intensity discrimination 472 interaural amplitude difference (IAD) 750 interaural cross-correlation coefficient (IACC) 310 interaural cross-correlation function (IACF) 351, 352, 357 interaural differences 484 interaural time difference (ITD) 750 interaural timing cues 452 interference 212, 213 – pattern 432 intermodulation (IM) 755 internal resonance 952 International Civil Aircraft Organization (ICAO) 989 interpolation 716 intersecting walls 926 intersymbol interference (ISI) 191 intima-media thickness (IMT) 851 intravenous pyelogram (IVP) 882 invariance issue 694 inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) 719 inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) 177 inverse Fourier transform 517 inverse problems 1077 IRF (impulse response function) 1132 ISI (intersymbol interference) 191 ISO standards for sound power determination 1071 ITD (interaural time difference) 750 IVP (intravenous pyelogram) 882 J JND (just noticeable difference) 747 Johnson noise 518 joint probability density 513 jump phenomenon 951 just noticeable difference (JND) 747 K KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) 18 Kelvin functions 925 Kettle drums 645 kinetic energy 905 Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral equation 1080 Koenig, Rudolph 14 Kronecker delta 506 kurtosis 514 L laboratory speech 693 laboratory standard microphone 1026 labyrinth 430 Lagrange equations 908 land mine detection – acoustical methods 224 Laplace transform 903, 907, 916 large amplitude effects –brass 630 – Helmholtz motion (wind) 626 – shock waves 632 – woodwind 626, 630 large-volume coupler 1035 laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) 1103 laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) 1103 lateral energy fraction (LEF) 309 lateral olivocochlear system (LOC) 436 Latin American Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (FLAUS) 895 LDA (laser Doppler anemometry) 1103 LDV (laser Doppler vibrometry) 1103 lead pipe 619 lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 849 leaf-shape concert hall 364 LEF (lateral energy fraction) 309 LEV (listener envelopment) 309 level, effect on pitch 480 Liljencrants–Fant (LF) model 678 line source – finite line source 115 Subject Index 1173 Subject Index
1174 Subject Index Subject Index linear interpolation 716 linear predictive coding (LPC) 725 linear processor 516 lip vibrations – artificial lips 630 – modelling 630 listener envelopment (LEV) 309 listener-oriented school 705 listening level (LL) 352, 380 LL (binaural listening level) 351 LL (listening level) 352, 380 LOC (lateral olivocochlear system) 436 localization 429 localization of sound 484 location –bats 797 location, role in perceptual grouping 489 locus equations 695 longitudinal vibrations of bars 920 long-play vinyl record (LP) 18 long-term-average spectra (LTAS) 681 loudness 442, 468 –growth 440 – meter 470 – model 470 – perceptual correlates 686 – recruitment 440 – scaling 469 low pitch 480 low-pass filter 515 low-pass resonant filter 516 LP (long-play vinyl record) 18 LPC (linear predictive coding) 725 LPC vocoder 726 LTAS (long-term-average spectra) 681 lung – reserve volume 671 – residual volume 671 – total capacity 671 – vital capacity 671 Lyapunov exponent 291 M MAA (minimum audible angle) 808 machine-gun timing 699 MAF (minimum audible field) 460 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 688 magnetoencephalogram (MEG) 361 magnetoencephalography (MEG) 352 magnitude estimation 469 magnitude of the IACF (IACC) 351 magnitude production 469 main response axis (MRA) 181 malleus 429, 433 MAP (minimum audible pressure) 460 marginal probability density 513 marimba 649, 650, 735 marine animals 195 marine mammals 198 masking 403, 461 – pattern 464 mass –law 398 –matrix 908 – modal 924 MASU (Mediterranean and African Society of Ultrasound) 895 matched field processing (MFP) 182 maximum flow declination rate (MFDR) 677 maximum length sequence (MLS) 526 maximum-likelihood method (MLM) 182 MCR (multi channel reverberation) 349 MDOF (multiple degree of freedom) 1132 mean square error (MSE) 725 measurement 1085 measurement principles 1058 mechanical index (MI) 894 medial olivocochlear system (MOC) 436 medical acoustics 5 medical ultrasonography 225 medical ultrasound 6 Mediterranean and African Society of Ultrasound (MASU) 895 MEG (magnetoencephalogram) 361 MEG (magnetoencephalography) 352 membrane capacitance 448 membranes 913 meteorologically-neutral 134 MFDR (maximum flow declination rate) 677–682 MFP (matched field processing) 182 MI (mechanical index) 894 micromechanical models 441 microphone – acoustic transfer impedance 1044 – calibration 1044 – coupler 1045 – frequency dependence 1037 – frequency response measurement 1043 microphone calibration – barometric pressure correction 1035 – capillary tube correction 1032 – comparison method 1039 – comparison method with a calibrator 1040 – cylindrical coupler 1034 – equivalent volume 1031 – free-field calibration 1039 – heat conduction correction 1029 – interchange microphone method 1039 – temperature correction 1037 – wave-motion correction 1034 microphone sensitivity – correction 1038 –level 1036 – temperature correction 1036 middle ear 432, 433 middle-ear bones 429 middle-ear ossicles 436 MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) 714, 735 MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) 191 – configuration 193 – mode 191 minimum audible angle (MAA) 808 minimum audible field (MAF) 460 minimum audible pressure (MAP) 460 minimum phase 517 minimum-variance distortionless processor (MV) 182 MIR (music information retrieval) 738 missing fundamental 480, 541, 553 mixture – separation of 253 MLM (maximum-likelihood method) 182 MLS (maximum length sequence) 526 MOC (medial olivocochlear system) 436, 439, 447, 449 modal –mass 909
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
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have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
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a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
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Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
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Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
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is of key importance in rooms where
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Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
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TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
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Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
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As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
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Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
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Gypsum board partition (as schedule
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Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
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Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
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E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
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Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
Page 902 and 903:
Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
Page 906 and 907:
the mass matrix is taken to be cons
Page 908 and 909:
Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
Page 912 and 913:
form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
Page 914 and 915:
first to solve the wave equation (2
Page 916 and 917:
5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 918 and 919:
conditions at each end) are necessa
Page 920 and 921:
from which we can derive through (2
Page 922 and 923:
In this case, the eigenfrequencies
Page 924 and 925:
of radiation modes and their link w
Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
Page 928 and 929:
notes the value of this eigenmode a
Page 930 and 931:
Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
Page 934 and 935:
Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
Page 936 and 937:
(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
Page 938 and 939:
Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
Page 940 and 941:
Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
Page 942 and 943:
for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
Page 944 and 945:
F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
Page 946 and 947:
whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Page 950 and 951:
Equations (22.423) are usually writ
Page 952 and 953:
3. As the amplitude reaches the top
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Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
Page 956 and 957:
22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
Page 958 and 959:
Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
Page 960 and 961:
where the overbars represent time a
Page 962 and 963:
Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
Page 964 and 965:
90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
Page 966 and 967:
Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
Page 968 and 969:
When each segment of the measuremen
Page 970 and 971:
found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
Page 972 and 973:
surement method is the ultimate use
Page 974 and 975:
An intensity analyzer is more compl
Page 976 and 977:
23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
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Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
Page 980 and 981:
a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
Page 982 and 983:
Static efficiency normalized to its
Page 984 and 985:
ful applications. Good results are
Page 986 and 987:
Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
Page 988 and 989:
Reduction of airplane engine noise
Page 990 and 991:
A variety of materials are used to
Page 992 and 993:
∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
Page 994 and 995:
Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
Page 996 and 997:
high enough that there is little so
Page 998 and 999:
23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
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Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
Page 1002 and 1003:
Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
Page 1004 and 1005:
view of administrative procedures r
Page 1006 and 1007:
provides recommendations for a foll
Page 1008 and 1009:
sound power levels of noise sources
Page 1010 and 1011:
23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
Page 1012 and 1013:
in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
Page 1014 and 1015:
23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017:
1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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Page 1026 and 1027:
Page 1028 and 1029:
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Page 1044 and 1045:
Page 1046 and 1047:
Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049:
Under such conditions the intensity
Page 1050 and 1051:
a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
Page 1052 and 1053:
τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055:
Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
Page 1058 and 1059:
crophones are calibrated with a pis
Page 1060 and 1061:
Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
Page 1062 and 1063:
it is relatively straightforward si
Page 1064 and 1065:
intensity normal to the source. Thi
Page 1066 and 1067:
25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
Page 1068 and 1069:
25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
Page 1070 and 1071:
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Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
Page 1094 and 1095:
course also present in ordinary hol
Page 1096 and 1097:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
Page 1098 and 1099:
Page 1100 and 1101:
Page 1102 and 1103:
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1106 and 1107:
nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
Page 1108 and 1109:
Page 1110 and 1111:
Page 1112 and 1113: Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1114 and 1115: References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
Page 1116 and 1117: 27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
Page 1118 and 1119: 1128 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1130 and 1131: About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
Page 1132 and 1133: Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
Page 1134 and 1135: Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
Page 1136 and 1137: Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
Page 1138 and 1139: 3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
Page 1140 and 1141: 4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
Page 1142 and 1143: 7.3 Engines .......................
Page 1144 and 1145: 10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 1146 and 1147: 13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 1148 and 1149: 15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
Page 1150 and 1151: 19.6 Birds ........................
Page 1152 and 1153: 22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
Page 1154 and 1155: 24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
Page 1156 and 1157: Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
Page 1158 and 1159: British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161: electric circuit analogues - acoust
Page 1164 and 1165: - participation factors 909 - stiff
Page 1166 and 1167: - musical instruments 541 - musical
Page 1168 and 1169: - nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
Page 1170 and 1171: subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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