Introduction to Acoustics

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1048 Part H Engineering Acoustics Part H 24 Table 24.9 Recommended values for some physical quantities in (24.A1)–(24.B5) (ANSI S1.15: 2005) Environmental Density of Speed of Ratio of Viscosity of Thermal conditions air ρ (kg/m 3 ) sound c (m/s) specific air η diffusivity heats γ (Pa s) of air αt (m 2 /s) T = 23 ◦ C ps = 101325 Pa 1.1859997 345.677519 1.39836198 1.841268 × 10 −5 2.105344 × 10 −5 H = 50% Table 24.10 Recommended reference values applicable to dry air at 0 ◦ C and 101.325 kPa. (ANSI S1.15: 2005) Environmental Density of Speed of Ratio of Viscosity of Thermal conditions air ρ (kg/m 3 ) sound c (m/s) specific air η diffusivity heats γ (Pa s) of air αt (m 2 /s) T = 0 ◦ C p0 = 101325 Pa 1.29296 331.28 1.3998 1.7268 × 10 −5 1.8123 × 10 −5 conditions. The values in Table 24.9 are shown with more decimals than necessary and are intended for testing computation programs that are used to calculate these quantities. References 24.1 E.C. Wente: A condenser transmitter as a uniformly sensitive instrument for the absolute measurement of sound intensity, Phys. Rev. 10(1), 39–63 (1917) 24.2 S. Ballantine: Technique of microphone calibration, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 3, 319–360 (1932) 24.3 W.R. MacLean: Absolute measurement of sound without a primary standard, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12, 140–146 (1940) 24.4 R.K. Cook: Absolute pressure calibration of microphones, Res. Nat. Bur. Standard. 25, 489–555 (1940) 24.5 R.K. Cook: Absolute pressure calibration of microphones, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12, 415–420 (1941), published in abbreviated form 24.6 M.S. Hawley: The condenser microphone as an acoustical standard, Bell Lab. Rec. 22, 6–10 (1943) 24.7 A.L. DiMattia, F.M. Wiener: On the absolute pressure calibration of condenser microphones by the reciprocity method, J. Acoust. Soc Am. 18(2), 341– 344 (1946) 24.8 M.S. Hawley: The substitution method of measuring the open circuit voltage generated by a microphone, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 21(3), 183–189 (1949) 24.9 B.D. Simmons, F. Biagi: Pressure calibration of condenser microphones above 10 000 cps, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26(5), 693–695 (1954) 24.10 T. Hayasaka, M. Suzuki, T. Akatsuka: New method of absolute pressure calibration of microphone sensi- Again, aiming at the highest accuracies (method 1) and in view of the need to have reference values c0 and γ0 in (24.B3), (24.B4) and(24.B5), Table 24.10 gives the recommended values for dry air. tivity, Inst. Electr. Commun. Eng. Jpn. 33, 674–680 (1955) 24.11 H.G. Diestel: Zur Bestimmung der Druckempfindlichkeit von Mikrophonen, Acustica 9, 398–402 (1959), (in German) 24.12 T.F.W. Embleton, I.R. Dagg: Accurate coupler pressure calibration of condenser microphones at middle frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 320–326 (1960) 24.13 W. Koidan: Method for measurement of [E ′ /I ′ ] in the reciprocity calibration of microphones, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 611(1960) 24.14 A.N. Rivin, V.A. Cherpak: Pressure calibration of measuring microphones by the reciprocity method, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 6, 246–253 (1960) 24.15 P.V. Brüel: Accuracy of Condenser Microphone Calibration Methods, Part II, Tech. Rev. 1 (Brüel Kjær, Nœrum 1965) 24.16 P. Riety, M. Lecollinet: Le dispositif d’etalonnage primaire des microphones de laboratoire de l’Institut National de Metrologie, Metrologia 10, 17–34 (1974) 24.17 A.C. Corney: Capacitor microphone reciprocity calibration, Metrologia 11, 25–32 (1975) 24.18 H. Miura, T. Takahashi, S. Sato: Correction for 1/2 inch laboratory standard condenser microphones, Trans. IECE Japan EA77-41, 15–22 (1977) 24.19 A. Suzuki, S. Yoshikawa: Simplified method for pressure calibration of condenser microphones us-
ing active couplers, Trans. IECE Japan EA77-40,9–14 (1977) 24.20 G.S.K. Wong, T.F.W. Embleton: Arrangement for precision reciprocity calibration of condenser microphones, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66(5), 1275–1280 (1979) 24.21 V. Nedzelnitsky, E. D. Burnett, W. B. Penzes: Calibration of laboratory condenser microphones. In: Proc. 10th Transducer Workshop, Transducer Committee, Telemetry Group, Range Commanders Council (DTIC, Colorado Springs 1979) 24.22 A. Suzuki, S. Yoshikawa: On the estimated error for pressure calibration of standard condenser microphones, Electr. Commun. Lab. J. (Jpn) 29(7), 1251–1262 (1980) 24.23 D.L.H. Gibbings, A.V. Gibson: Contributions to the reciprocity calibration of microphones, Metrologia 17, 7–15 (1981) 24.24 T. Takahashi, H. Miura: Corrections for the reciprocity calibration of laboratory standard condenser microphones, Bull. Electrotech. Lab. (Jpn) 46(3-4), 78–81 (1982) 24.25 M.E. Delany, E.N. Bazley: Uncertainties in Realizing the Standard of Sound Pressure by Closed-Coupler Reciprocity Technique, Acoust. Rep. 99 (National Physical Laboratory, Teddington 1980), (see also 2nd ed. 1982) 24.26 D.L.H. Gibbings, A.V. Gibson: Wide-band calibration of capacitor microphones, Metrologia 20, 95–99 (1984) 24.27 L. L. Beranek: Acoustical Measurements (Acoust. Soc. Am./AIP, Melville 1988), (4, 133-134) 24.28 K.O. Ballagh, A.C. Corney: Some developments in automated microphone reciprocity calibration, Acustica 71, 200–209 (1990) 24.29 G. S. K. Wong, T. F. W. Embleton: AIP Handbook of Condenser Microphones. Theory, Calibration, and Measurements (American Institute of Physics, New York 1995) 24.30 N.H. Fletcher, S. Thwaites: Electrode surface profile and the performance of condenser microphones, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112(6), 2779–2785 (2002) 24.31 BIPM: Guide to the Expression of Uncertainties in Measurement (BIPM, Paris 1995) 24.32 G.S.K. Wong: Precise measurement of phase difference and amplitude ratio of two coherent sinusoidal signals, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75(3), 967– 972 (1984) 24.33 B. Daniels: Acoustic impedance of enclosures, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 19, 569–571 (1947) 24.34 F. Biagi, R.K. Cook: Acoustic impedance of a right circular cylindrical enclosure, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26, 506–509 (1954) 24.35 H. Gerber: Acoustic properties of fluid-filled chambers at infrasonic frequencies in the absence of convection, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1427–1434 (1964) 24.36 K.O. Ballagh: Acoustical admittance of cylindrical cavities, J. Sound Vibrat. 112(3), 567–569 (1987) Microphones and Their Calibration References 1049 24.37 D.R. Jarvis: Acoustical admittance of cylindrical cavities, J. Sound Vibrat. 117(2), 390–392 (1987) 24.38 ANSI: ANSI S1.15 – 2005. American National Standard Measurement Microphones – Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by Reciprocity Technique, (NIST, Gaithersburg 2005) 24.39 T. Salava: Measurement of the Acoustic Impedance of Standard Laboratory Microphones, The Acoustics Laboratory, Report, Vol. 18 (Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 1976) 24.40 IEC: IEC 61094-2:1992-03 Measurement Microphones - Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Technique (IEC, Geneva 1992) 24.41 ANSI S1.15-1997/Part 1 (R2001) American National Standard Measurement Microphones – Part 1: Specifications for Laboratory Standard Microphones. See also: IEC International Standard 61094-1 1992-05: Measurement Microphones Part 1: Specifications for Laboratory Standard Microphones (NIST, Gaithersburg 1997) 24.42 K. Rasmussen: Acoustical behaviour of cylindrical couplers, The Acoustics Laboratory Report, Vol. 1 (Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 1969) 24.43 H. Miura, E. Matsui: On the analysis of the wave motion in a coupler for the pressure calibration of laboratory standard microphones, J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. 30, 639–646 (1974) 24.44 F. Jacobsen: An improvement of the 20 cm 3 coupler for reciprocity calibration of microphones, Acustica 38, 151–153 (1977) 24.45 G.S.K. Wong, L. Wu: Controlled environment for reciprocity calibration of laboratory standard microphone and measurement of sensitivity pressure correction, Metrologia 36, 275–280 (1999) 24.46 L. Wu, G.S.K. Wong, P. Hanes, W. Ohm: Measurement of sensitivity level pressure corrections for LS2P laboratory standard microphones, Metrologia 42, 45–48 (2005) 24.47 K. Rasmussen: The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Pressure Sensitivity of Measurement Microphones, Brüel Kjær Tech. Rev. 1 (Brüel Kjær, Nœrum 2001) 24.48 G.S.K. Wong, L. Wu: Controlled environment for reciprocity callibration of laboratory standard miccrophones and measurement of sensitivity pressure correction, Metrologica 36, 275–280 (1999) 24.49 K. Rasmussen: The static pressure and temperature coefficients of laboratory standard microphones, Metrologia 36(4), 265–273 (1999) 24.50 G.S.K. Wong: Primary pressure calibration by reciprocity. In: AIP Handbook of Condenser Microphones. Theory, Calibration, and Measurements, Chap.4, ed. by G.S.K. Wong, T.F.W. Embleton. (American Institute of Physics, New York 1995) p. 99 24.51 V. Nedzelnitsky: Primary method for calibrating free-field response. In: AIP Handbook of Condenser Part H 24
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
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Foreword The present handbook cover
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List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
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Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
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XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
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XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
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XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
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XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
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XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
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Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
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of noise have been the subject of c
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in order to understand how objectiv
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A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
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of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
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number and relative strength of its
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To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
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Probably the most important use of
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piezoelectric ceramic compositions
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surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
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ther of computer music, since he de
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Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
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M average molecular weight n unit v
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a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
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temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
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The equivalent density M/V is conse
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Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
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Because any vector field may be dec
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The latter and (3.84), in a manner
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assumed to have no ambient motion,
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Because the friction associated wit
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3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
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3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
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as well as symmetry considerations,
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The auxiliary internal variables th
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Then the transient at a distant pos
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ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
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1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
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This yields the interpretation that
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direction of propagation when a pla
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so the time-averaged incident energ
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Although the simple result of (3.31
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ut, also in keeping with the linear
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equation, the two differential equa
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Rodrigues relation, one has �1
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for the derivative.) In the asympto
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The differential scattering cross s
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elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
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0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
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is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
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The function qS is termed the sourc
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The appropriate identification for
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where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
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this subtlety taken into account, o
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U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
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is ordinarily valid. With these ass
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along rays. These can be regarded a
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A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
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possible, and one where neither the
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which is independent of the z-coord
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[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
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where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
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Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
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of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
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3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
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114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
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Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
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5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
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Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
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tal direction, there is no loss ass
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equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
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Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
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5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
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ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
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a bubbly medium (and for the simple
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As discussed, because detection inv
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(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
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water, where the deep sound channel
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egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
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5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
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tegration interval. The source puls
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5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
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former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
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Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
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5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
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a factor when there is a reverberan
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depth measurements that correspond
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along the cross-shelf track taken b
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time as a result of multiple paths,
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technique is very sensitive, and ex
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Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
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Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
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out. These data allow for study of
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5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
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Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
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where I is the intensity of the sou
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Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
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destructively interfered with one a
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or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
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6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
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where c is again the wave speed and
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measured. Some resonances are cause
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as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
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the number of false positives and m
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with the small mass), and frequency
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Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
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Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
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Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
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terms. In this equation γ is the r
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directly. The nonlinearity paramete
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Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
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Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
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walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
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a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
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a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
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tor. This eliminates the need to le
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to this consumption of acoustic pow
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The traditional Stirling refrigerat
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Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
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258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
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Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
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parameters, so we can assist in bui
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weeks or even years is less reliabl
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9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
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selected). A distance different fro
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ing sound, as will naturally be exp
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of the sound fields. Consequently,
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e derived from interrupted noise de
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Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
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espectively, can be calculated from
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ated by the architects. However, on
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of C and G. However, as all the ind
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F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
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HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
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Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
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floor can be tilted to reduce volum
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ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
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Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
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4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
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cially in auditoria with T values l
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esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
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Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
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Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
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0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
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mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
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10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
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The other (n − 1) bits indicated
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As for the conflicting requirements
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have mainly been concerned with tem
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a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
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a model of the auditory-brain syste
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Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
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Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
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Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
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Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
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is of key importance in rooms where
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Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
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TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
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Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
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Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
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As for the room criterion (RC) meth
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11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
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Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
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Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
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Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
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Gypsum board partition (as schedule
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Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
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11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
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Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
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Electronic sound masking in plenum
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E 1179 Standard Specification for S
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430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
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Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
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Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
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the signal. By using this off-cente
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is as a crude indicator of the exci
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Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
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In a variation of this procedure, t
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Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
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13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
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Most models include an initial stag
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The components were either uniforml
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(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
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elaborate place models have been pr
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13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
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the duplex theory of sound localiza
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harmonic (by shifting the frequency
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sive. While some studies have been
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sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
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components is usually only perceive
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References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
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13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
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asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
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13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
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534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
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The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
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uation, the effect of gravity is in
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piratory muscles (the internal inte
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Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
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Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
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Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
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Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
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20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
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Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
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This topic was addressed by Ladefog
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Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
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Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
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100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
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tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
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Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
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Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
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The # symbol indicates the possibil
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Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
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tional rather than absolute (à la
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16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
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esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
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16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
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Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
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Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
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Some might notice that linear inter
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pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
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0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
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(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
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synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
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x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
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230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
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0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
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-1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
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0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
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17.10 Composition The history of co
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and variance of the features can be
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17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
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Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
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Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
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on magnetic stripes. A common arran
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60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
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Interaural intensity difference (dB
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with equalization, without incurrin
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Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
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18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
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Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
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effective pickup pattern of the arr
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attempts to apply complementary com
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Most of the issues relating to spea
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nificant design considerations. At
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Some appreciation of the performanc
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pre-digital reverberators were elec
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and ‘s’ in English text - may b
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content of rest of the signal spect
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cross the head, in opposite directi
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18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (D
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18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
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786 Part F Biological and Medical A
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Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
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21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
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Auscultation location Right & left
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portance. The Strouhal number has b
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Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
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Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
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λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
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lood flow can be resolved if the si
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vided in the image thickness direct
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not as predicted, because the wave
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Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
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a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
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Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
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a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
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a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
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Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
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systems cannot tell the difference
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40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
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a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
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Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
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10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
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Vibrations in a punctured artery De
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the veins and diffuse into the inte
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21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
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transported by those cells and/or r
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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
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High intensity focused ultrasound h
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a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
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provided simple metrics for the lik
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thickness of the carotid arteries,
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Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
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Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
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Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
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This does not include the case wher
Page 906 and 907:
the mass matrix is taken to be cons
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Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
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where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
Page 912 and 913:
form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
Page 914 and 915:
first to solve the wave equation (2
Page 916 and 917:
5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 918 and 919:
conditions at each end) are necessa
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from which we can derive through (2
Page 922 and 923:
In this case, the eigenfrequencies
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of radiation modes and their link w
Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
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notes the value of this eigenmode a
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Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
Page 934 and 935:
Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
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(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
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Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
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Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
Page 942 and 943:
for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
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F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
Page 946 and 947:
whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
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4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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Equations (22.423) are usually writ
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3. As the amplitude reaches the top
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Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
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22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
Page 958 and 959:
Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
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where the overbars represent time a
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Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
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90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
Page 966 and 967:
Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
Page 968 and 969:
When each segment of the measuremen
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found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
Page 972 and 973:
surement method is the ultimate use
Page 974 and 975:
An intensity analyzer is more compl
Page 976 and 977:
23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
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Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
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a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
Page 982 and 983:
Static efficiency normalized to its
Page 984 and 985:
ful applications. Good results are
Page 986 and 987:
Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
Page 988 and 989:
Reduction of airplane engine noise
Page 990 and 991:
A variety of materials are used to
Page 992 and 993: ∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
Page 994 and 995: Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
Page 996 and 997: high enough that there is little so
Page 998 and 999: 23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
Page 1000 and 1001: Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
Page 1002 and 1003: Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
Page 1004 and 1005: view of administrative procedures r
Page 1006 and 1007: provides recommendations for a foll
Page 1008 and 1009: sound power levels of noise sources
Page 1010 and 1011: 23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
Page 1012 and 1013: in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
Page 1014 and 1015: 23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017: 1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1046 and 1047: Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049: Under such conditions the intensity
Page 1050 and 1051: a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
Page 1052 and 1053: τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055: Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
Page 1058 and 1059: crophones are calibrated with a pis
Page 1060 and 1061: Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
Page 1062 and 1063: it is relatively straightforward si
Page 1064 and 1065: intensity normal to the source. Thi
Page 1066 and 1067: 25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
Page 1068 and 1069: 25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
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Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
Page 1094 and 1095:
course also present in ordinary hol
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Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
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nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
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Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
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References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
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27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
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1128 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
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About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
Page 1132 and 1133:
Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
Page 1134 and 1135:
Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
Page 1136 and 1137:
Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
Page 1138 and 1139:
3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
Page 1140 and 1141:
4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
Page 1142 and 1143:
7.3 Engines .......................
Page 1144 and 1145:
10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 1146 and 1147:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 1148 and 1149:
15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
Page 1150 and 1151:
19.6 Birds ........................
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22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
Page 1154 and 1155:
24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
Page 1156 and 1157:
Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
Page 1158 and 1159:
British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
Page 1162 and 1163:
hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
Page 1164 and 1165:
- participation factors 909 - stiff
Page 1166 and 1167:
- musical instruments 541 - musical
Page 1168 and 1169:
- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
Page 1170 and 1171:
subjective preference theory 353 su
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Introduction to Acoustics

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