Introduction to Acoustics

More documents

Recommendations

Info

18.2 J. Sterne: The Audible Past (Duke Univ. Press, Durham 2003) 18.3 Thomas Edison (Wikipedia Aug. 2005) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison 18.4 J.H. Lienhard: The Telegraph, Engines of Our Ingenuity (Univ. Houston, Houston 2004), http://www. uh.edu/engines/epi15.htm 18.5 P. Ament: The Electric Battery (The Great Idea Finder, Mar. 2005) http://www.ideafinder.com/ history/inventions/story066.htm 18.6 Phonograph (Wikipedia, Aug. 2005) http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph#History 18.7 D. Marty: The History of the Phonautograph (Jan. 2004) http://www.phonautograph.com/ 18.8 Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry, Library of Congress, Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (April, 2002) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/ berlhome.html 18.9 J. Bruck, A. Grundy, I. Joel: An Audio Timeline (Audio Engineering Society, New York 1997), http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/audio.history. timeline.html 18.10 M.F. Davis: History of spatial coding, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 51(6), 554–569 (2003) 18.11 NIH: Hearing Loss and Older Adults, NIH Publication No. 01-4913, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communications Disorders (National Inst. Health, Bethesda 2002), http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/ older.asp 18.12 T. Weber: Equal Loudness (WeberVST, Kokomo 2005), http://www.webervst.com/fm.htm 18.13 E. Terhardt: Pitch Perception (Technical Univ. Munich, Munich 2000), http://www.mmk.e-technik. tu-muenchen.de/persons/ter/top/pitch.html 18.14 B. Truax: Sound pressure level [SPL], Handbook for Acoustic Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver (Cambridge Street Publ., Burnaby 1999), http://www2.sfu.ca/ sonic-studio/handbook/ Sound_Pressure_Level.html 18.15 B. Truax: Phon, Handbook for Acoustic Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver (Cambridge Street Publ., Burnaby 1999), http://www2.sfu.ca/ sonic-studio/handbook/Phon.html 18.16 B.G. Crockett, A. Seefeldt, M. Smithers: A new loudness measurement algorithm, AES 117th Convention Preprint 6236 (Audio Engineering Society, New York 2004) 18.17 L.H. Carney: Studies of Information Coding in the Auditory Nerve (Syracuse Univ., Syracuse 2005) 18.18 E.D. Haritaoglu: Temporal masking (University of Maryland, College Park 1997), http://www.umiacs. umd.edu/ desin/Speech1/node11.html 18.19 K.M. Steele: Binaural processing (Appalachian State Univ., Boone April 2003), http://www.acs. Audio and Electroacoustics References 779 appstate.edu/kms/classes/psy3203/SoundLocalize/ intensity.jpg 18.20 J. Blauert: Spatial Hearing (MIT Press, Cambridge 1983) 18.21 R. Kline: Harold Black and the negative-feedback amplifier, IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 13(4), 82–85 (1993), DOI: 10.1109/37.229565 18.22 N. Moffatt: Wow and Flutter (Vinyl Record Collectors, United Kingdom 2004), http://www.vinylrecordscollector. co.uk/wow.html 18.23 B. Paquette: History of the microphone (Belgium 2004), http://users.pandora.be/oldmicrophones/ microphone_history.htm 18.24 J. Strong: Understanding microphone types, Pro Tools for Dummies (Wiley, New York 2005), http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/ DummiesArticle/id-2509.html 18.25 P.V. Murphy: Carbon Microphone (Concord University, Athens 2003), http://students.concord.edu/ murphypv/images/35107.gif 18.26 D.A. Bohn: Ribbon Microphones (Rane Corp., Mukilteo 2005), http://www.rane.com/par-r.html 18.27 H. Robjohns: A brief history of microphones, Rycote Microphone Data Book (Rycote Microphone Windshields, Stroud 2001), http://www.microphonedata.com/pdfs/History.pdf (Rycote Microphone Windshields, Stroud 2003) 18.28 G. M. Sessler, J. E. West: Electroacoustic Transducer Electret Microphone, US Patent Number 3118022 (1964) http://www.invent.org/hall_of_ fame/132.html (National Inventors Hall of Fame, 2002) 18.29 P.V. Murphy: Piezoelectric Microphone (Concord University, Athens 2003), http://students.concord. edu/murphypv/images/35108.gif 18.30 D. Stewart: Understanding microphone self noise (ProSoundWeb, Niles 2004), http://www. prosoundweb.com/studio/sw/micnoise.php 18.31 A.G.H. van der Donk, P.R. Scheeper, P. Bergveld: Amplitude-modulated electro-mechanical feedback system for silicon condenser microphones, J. Micromech. Microeng. 2, 211–214 (1992), http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0960-1317/2/3/024 18.32 A. Oja: Capacitive Sensors and their readout electronics, Helsinki Univ. Technology, Physics Laboratory (Helsinki Univ. Technology, Espoo 2005), http://www.fyslab.hut.fi/kurssit/Tfy3.480/Spring 2004/Jan28_Oja/Microsensing_2004_Oja2.pdf 18.33 J.N. Caron: Gas-coupled laser acoustic detection (Quarktet, Lanham 2005), http://www.quarktet. com/GCLAD.html 18.34 H.M. Ladak: Anatomy of the middle ear, Finite-Element Modelling Of Middle- Ear Prostheses in Cat, Master of Engineering Thesis (McGill University, Montreal 1993), Chap. 2 http://audilab.bmed.mcgill.ca/ funnell/AudiLab/ ladak_master/chapter2.htm Part E 18
780 Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics Part E 18 18.35 Microphone Types, The Way of the Classic CD (Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm, Detmold 2005), http://www.mdg.de/mikroe.htm 18.36 G. Carol: Tonearm/Cartridge Capability (Galen Carol Audio, San Antonio 2005), http://www.gcaudio. com/resources/howtos/tonearmcartridge.html 18.37 J.G. Holt: Down With Dynagroove, Stereophile, December 1964 (Primedia Magazines, New York 1964), http://www.stereophile.com/asweseeit/95/ 18.38 D. Krotz: From Top Quarks to the Blues, Berkeley Lab physicists develop way to digitally restore and preserve audio recordings, Berkeley Lab. Res. News 4/16/2004 (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley 2004), http://www.lbl.gov/Science- Articles/Archive/Phys-quarks-to-blues.html 18.39 S.E. Schoenherr: Loudspeaker history, Recording Technology History (Univ. San Diego, San Diego July 2005), http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ loudspeaker.html 18.40 C.W. Rice, E.W. Kellogg: Notes on the development of a new type of hornless loudspeaker, Trans. Am. Inst. El. Eng. 44, 461–475 (1925) 18.41 AudioVideo 101: Speakers Enclosures (AudioVideo 101, Frisco 2005), http://www.audiovideo101.com/ learn/knowit/speakers/speakers16.asp 18.42 Eminence: Understanding loudspeaker data (Eminence Loudspeaker Corp., Eminence 2005), http://editweb.iglou.com/eminence/eminence/ pages/params02/params.htm 18.43 M. Sleiman: Speaker Engineering Analysis (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 2005), www.students .niu.edu/ z109728/UEET101third%20draft.doc 18.44 Allison Acoustics: Company History (Allison Acoustics LLC, Danville 2005), http://www.allison acoustics.com/history.html 18.45 D. Bohn: A fourth-order state-variable filter for Linkwitz-Riley active crossover designs, J. Audio Eng. Soc. Abstr. 31, 960 (1983), preprint 2011 18.46 W. Norris: Overview of hypersonic technology (American Technology Corp., San Diego 2005), http://www.atcsd.com/pdf/HSSdatasheet.pdf 18.47 T. Sporer: Conveying sonic spaces (Fraunhofer Elektronische Medientechnologie, Ilmenau 2005), http://www.emt.iis.fhg.de/projects/carrouso/ 18.48 B. DePalma: Analog Audio Power Amplifier Design (January, 1997) http://depalma.pair.com/Analog/ analog.html 18.49 E. Augenbraun: The Transistor, Public Broadcasting System (ScienCentral, The American Institute of Physics, New York 1999), http://www.pbs.org/ transistor (July 2005) 18.50 S. Portz: Who Invented The Transistor (Phys- Link, Long Beach 2005), http://www.physlink.com/ Education/AskExperts/ae414.cfm 18.51 THAT Corp.: A brief history of VCA development (THAT Corp., Milford 2005), http://www.thatcorp.com/ vcahist.html 18.52 M. Hart: History of Sound Motion Pictures (American WideScreen Museum, 2000), http://www. widescreenmuseum.com/sound/sound03.htm 18.53 L.P. Lessing: Edwin H. Armstrong, Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement V (Scribner, New York 1977) pp. 21–23, http://users.erols.com/ oldradio/ (2005) 18.54 A. Antoniou: Digital Filters: Analysis, Design, and Applications, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York 1993) 18.55 A. Antoniou: On the Origins of Digital Signal Processing (Univ. Victoria, Victoria 2004), http://www.ece.uvic.ca/ andreas/OriginsDSP.pdf 18.56 R.W.T. Preater, R. Swain: Fourier transform fringe analysis of electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringes from hinge-speed rotating components, Opt. Eng. 33, 1271–1279 (1994) 18.57 E.O. Bringham: The Fast Fourier Transform (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River 1974) 18.58 K.C. Pohlmann: The Compact Disc Handbook, Comp. Music Digital Audio Ser., Vol. 5, 2nd edn. (A-R Editions, Middleton 1992) 18.59 J. Despain: History of CD Technology (OneOff Media, Salt Lake City 1999), http://www.oneoffcd.com/ info/historycd.cfm?CFID=435613&CFTOKEN= 10955739 18.60 E.T. Whittaker: On the functions which are represented by the expansions of interpolation-theory, Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. 35, 181–194 (1915) 18.61 C.E. Shannon: A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379–423 (1948) 18.62 C.E. Shannon: A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 623–656 (1948) 18.63 E. Meijering: Chronology of interpolation, Proc. IEEE 90(3), 319–342 (2002), http://imagescience.bigr.nl/ meijering/research/chronology/ 18.64 M.T. Heideman, D.H. Johnson, C.S. Burrus: Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform, IEEE Acoust. Speech Signal Process. Mag. 1, 14–21 (1984), 18.65 M.T. Heideman, D.H. Johnson, C.S. Burrus: Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 34, 265–277 (1985) 18.66 C.S. Burrus: Notes on the FFT (Rice University, Houston 1997), http://www.fftw.org/burrus-notes.html 18.67 P. Duhamel, M. Vetterli: Fast Fourier transforms: A tutorial review and a state of the art, Signal Process. 19, 259–299 (1990) 18.68 Fast Fourier Transform (Wikipedia, August 2005) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_ transform 18.69 M.F. Davis: The AC-3 multichannel coder, Audio Engineering Society. 95th Convention 1993 (Audio Engineering Society, New York 1993), Preprint Number 3774 18.70 M.F. Davis: The AC-3 multichannel coder (Digital Audio Development, Newark 1993), http://www. dadev.com/ac3faq.asp
Page 2 and 3:
Springer Handbook of Acoustics
Page 4 and 5:
Springer Handbook of Acoustics Thom
Page 6 and 7:
Foreword The present handbook cover
Page 8 and 9:
List of Authors Iskander Akhatov No
Page 10 and 11:
Philippe Roux Université Joseph Fo
Page 12 and 13:
XIV Contents 3.7 Attenuation of Sou
Page 14 and 15:
XVI Contents 10 Concert Hall Acoust
Page 16 and 17:
XVIII Contents 17.8 Physical Modeli
Page 18 and 19:
XX Contents 24.5 Free-Field Microph
Page 20 and 21:
XXII List of Abbreviations K KDP po
Page 22 and 23:
Introduction 1. Introduction to Aco
Page 24 and 25:
of noise have been the subject of c
Page 26 and 27:
in order to understand how objectiv
Page 28 and 29:
A Brief 2. A Brief History of Acous
Page 30 and 31:
of 350 m/s for the speed of sound [
Page 32 and 33:
number and relative strength of its
Page 34 and 35:
To his contemporaries, Koenig was p
Page 36 and 37:
Probably the most important use of
Page 38 and 39:
piezoelectric ceramic compositions
Page 40 and 41:
surveys together [2.46]. Masking of
Page 42 and 43:
ther of computer music, since he de
Page 44 and 45:
Basic 3. Linear Basic Linear Acoust
Page 46 and 47:
M average molecular weight n unit v
Page 48 and 49:
a) b) S v.n ∆t ∆S V |v| ∆t n
Page 50 and 51:
temperature, q =−κ∇T , (3.16)
Page 52 and 53:
The equivalent density M/V is conse
Page 54 and 55:
Basic Linear Acoustics 3.3 Equation
Page 56 and 57:
Because any vector field may be dec
Page 58 and 59:
The latter and (3.84), in a manner
Page 60 and 61:
assumed to have no ambient motion,
Page 62 and 63:
Because the friction associated wit
Page 64 and 65:
3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency One
Page 66 and 67:
3.5.4 Time Averages of Products Whe
Page 68 and 69:
as well as symmetry considerations,
Page 70 and 71:
The auxiliary internal variables th
Page 72 and 73:
Then the transient at a distant pos
Page 74 and 75:
ω ′ = 0, and this is consistent
Page 76 and 77:
1.0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 A
Page 78 and 79:
This yields the interpretation that
Page 80 and 81:
direction of propagation when a pla
Page 82 and 83:
so the time-averaged incident energ
Page 84 and 85:
Although the simple result of (3.31
Page 86 and 87:
ut, also in keeping with the linear
Page 88 and 89:
equation, the two differential equa
Page 90 and 91:
Rodrigues relation, one has �1
Page 92 and 93:
for the derivative.) In the asympto
Page 94 and 95:
The differential scattering cross s
Page 96 and 97:
elow) is F(t) = (2c) 1/2 �t −
Page 98 and 99:
0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0 Y0(η) (π/2
Page 100 and 101:
is the Wronskian for the Bessel and
Page 102 and 103:
The function qS is termed the sourc
Page 104 and 105:
The appropriate identification for
Page 106 and 107:
where jℓ is the spherical Bessel
Page 108 and 109:
this subtlety taken into account, o
Page 110 and 111:
U(x) Basic Linear Acoustics 3.15 Wa
Page 112 and 113:
is ordinarily valid. With these ass
Page 114 and 115:
along rays. These can be regarded a
Page 116 and 117:
A(x0) x0 A(x) Fig. 3.53 Sketch of a
Page 118 and 119:
possible, and one where neither the
Page 120 and 121:
which is independent of the z-coord
Page 122 and 123:
[3.108], and Carslaw [3.109]. In th
Page 124 and 125:
where C(X)andS(X) are the Fresnel i
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 3.60 Characteristic diffractio
Page 128 and 129:
of elastic solids, Trans. Camb. Phi
Page 130 and 131:
3.101 J.B. Keller: Geometrical acou
Page 132 and 133:
114 Part A Propagation of Sound Par
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Underwater 5. Underwater Acoustics
Page 168 and 169:
5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment The
Page 170 and 171:
Long-Range Propagation Paths Figure
Page 172 and 173:
tal direction, there is no loss ass
Page 174 and 175:
equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig
Page 176 and 177:
Attenuation á (dB/km) 1000 100 10
Page 178 and 179:
5.2.5 Ambient Noise There are essen
Page 180 and 181:
ubble natural acoustic resonance ω
Page 182 and 183:
a bubbly medium (and for the simple
Page 184 and 185:
As discussed, because detection inv
Page 186 and 187:
(1/A)∇ 2 A ≪ K 2 )sothat(5.34)
Page 188 and 189:
water, where the deep sound channel
Page 190 and 191:
egion in the form p(r, z) = ψ(r, z
Page 192 and 193:
5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission
Page 194 and 195:
tegration interval. The source puls
Page 196 and 197:
5.6 SONAR Array Processing Signal p
Page 198 and 199:
former output is: �∞ b(θ,t) =
Page 200 and 201:
Fig. 5.37 Angle-versus-time represe
Page 202 and 203:
5.7 Active SONAR Processing Depth M
Page 204 and 205:
a factor when there is a reverberan
Page 206 and 207:
depth measurements that correspond
Page 208 and 209:
along the cross-shelf track taken b
Page 210 and 211:
time as a result of multiple paths,
Page 212 and 213:
technique is very sensitive, and ex
Page 214 and 215:
Fig. 5.57a,b Typical echogram obtai
Page 216 and 217:
Frequency (Hz) 150 100 50 0 0 a) b)
Page 218 and 219:
out. These data allow for study of
Page 220 and 221:
5.59 G. Raleigh, J.M. Cioffi: Spati
Page 222 and 223:
Physical 6. Physical Acou Acoustics
Page 224 and 225:
where I is the intensity of the sou
Page 226 and 227:
Wave velocity The wall exerts a dow
Page 228 and 229:
destructively interfered with one a
Page 230 and 231:
or: � � p2 � rms SPL = 10 log
Page 232 and 233:
6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids Si
Page 234 and 235:
where c is again the wave speed and
Page 236 and 237:
measured. Some resonances are cause
Page 238 and 239:
as 50 µmto5µm through one oscilla
Page 240 and 241:
the number of false positives and m
Page 242 and 243:
with the small mass), and frequency
Page 244 and 245:
Laser Lens 1 Circular aperture Fig.
Page 246 and 247:
Ground ring Insulator Sample Resist
Page 248 and 249:
Energy ratio 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Calcul
Page 250 and 251:
terms. In this equation γ is the r
Page 252 and 253:
directly. The nonlinearity paramete
Page 254 and 255:
Thermoacoust 7. Thermoacoustics The
Page 256 and 257:
Table 7.1 The acoustic-electric ana
Page 258 and 259:
walls of the pores. (Positive G ind
Page 260 and 261:
a) b) c) C reso d) δtherm e) p 0 U
Page 262 and 263:
a) b) UA,l c) d) E 0 Q A Q A TA TA
Page 264 and 265:
tor. This eliminates the need to le
Page 266 and 267:
to this consumption of acoustic pow
Page 268 and 269:
The traditional Stirling refrigerat
Page 270 and 271:
Washington 1986) pp. 550-554, Softw
Page 272 and 273:
258 Part B Physical and Nonlinear A
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Acoustics 9. Acoustics in Halls for
Page 314 and 315:
parameters, so we can assist in bui
Page 316 and 317:
weeks or even years is less reliabl
Page 318 and 319:
9.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberan
Page 320 and 321:
selected). A distance different fro
Page 322 and 323:
ing sound, as will naturally be exp
Page 324 and 325:
of the sound fields. Consequently,
Page 326 and 327:
e derived from interrupted noise de
Page 328 and 329:
Acoustics in Halls for Speech and M
Page 330 and 331:
espectively, can be calculated from
Page 332 and 333:
ated by the architects. However, on
Page 334 and 335:
of C and G. However, as all the ind
Page 336 and 337:
F b d F n I S Fb Fn S d F n/F b d/d
Page 338 and 339:
HS S èn ã d0 P0 rn Position of ey
Page 340 and 341:
Time T (s) 2.5 2 1.5 1 5 10 15 Acou
Page 342 and 343:
floor can be tilted to reduce volum
Page 344 and 345:
ÄLcurv (dB) 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Seating capacity 2662 1 915 + 324 2
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
4 3 2 1 Acoustics in Halls for Spee
Page 358 and 359:
cially in auditoria with T values l
Page 360 and 361:
esonance (AR)andmultichannel reverb
Page 362 and 363:
Concert 10. Concert Hall Acoustics
Page 364 and 365:
Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Sub
Page 366 and 367:
0 0 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 368 and 369:
mately by Concert Hall Acoustics Ba
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
10.1.5 Specialization of Cerebral H
Page 374 and 375:
The other (n − 1) bits indicated
Page 376 and 377:
As for the conflicting requirements
Page 378 and 379:
have mainly been concerned with tem
Page 380 and 381:
a) c) S S -4.3 -2.8 -2.0 -3.5 -3dB
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
a model of the auditory-brain syste
Page 398 and 399:
Building 11. Building Acou Acoustic
Page 400 and 401:
Pressure Maximum Minimum 0 D Distan
Page 402 and 403:
Table 11.1 Absorption coefficients
Page 404 and 405:
Absorption coefficient α 1 0 Frequ
Page 406 and 407:
is of key importance in rooms where
Page 408 and 409:
Table 11.4 Transmission loss and ST
Page 410 and 411:
TL of wall - (TL of door, window or
Page 412 and 413:
Table 11.7 Generalized noise reduct
Page 414 and 415:
Masking sound pressure level (dB) 5
Page 416 and 417:
As for the room criterion (RC) meth
Page 418 and 419:
11.5 Noise Control Methods for Buil
Page 420 and 421:
Neoprene pads (30 durometer) with a
Page 422 and 423:
Concrete Caulk around perimeter Vib
Page 424 and 425:
Trim board to conceal gap (fasten o
Page 426 and 427:
Gypsum board partition (as schedule
Page 428 and 429:
Double-layer ribbed or waffle neopr
Page 430 and 431:
11.6 Acoustical Privacy in Building
Page 432 and 433:
Table 11.9 AI,SIIandPIforopenplanof
Page 434 and 435:
Electronic sound masking in plenum
Page 436 and 437:
E 1179 Standard Specification for S
Page 438 and 439:
430 Part D Hearing and Signal Proce
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Psychoacoust 13. Psychoacoustics Ps
Page 468 and 469:
Absolute threshold (dB SPL) 100 90
Page 470 and 471:
the signal. By using this off-cente
Page 472 and 473:
is as a crude indicator of the exci
Page 474 and 475:
Relative response (dB) 100 90 80 70
Page 476 and 477:
In a variation of this procedure, t
Page 478 and 479:
Level of matching noise (dB) 100 90
Page 480 and 481:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 482 and 483:
Most models include an initial stag
Page 484 and 485:
The components were either uniforml
Page 486 and 487:
(Frequency DL)/ERBN 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.
Page 488 and 489:
elaborate place models have been pr
Page 490 and 491:
13.6 Timbre Perception 13.6.1 Time-
Page 492 and 493:
the duplex theory of sound localiza
Page 494 and 495:
harmonic (by shifting the frequency
Page 496 and 497:
sive. While some studies have been
Page 498 and 499:
sentences (see Fig. 13.20). They va
Page 500 and 501:
components is usually only perceive
Page 502 and 503:
References 13.1 ISO 389-7: Acoustic
Page 504 and 505:
13.74 D. Ronken: Monaural detection
Page 506 and 507:
asymmetric function, J. Acoust. Soc
Page 508 and 509:
13.211 J. Vliegen, A.J. Oxenham: Se
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
534 Part E Music, Speech, Electroac
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Page 656 and 657:
Page 658 and 659:
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
Page 664 and 665:
Page 666 and 667:
Page 668 and 669:
Page 670 and 671:
Page 672 and 673:
The 16. The Human Human Voice in Sp
Page 674 and 675:
uation, the effect of gravity is in
Page 676 and 677:
piratory muscles (the internal inte
Page 678 and 679:
Mean Ps (cm H2O) 50 40 30 20 10 0 D
Page 680 and 681:
Glottal flow Closed Opening Open Cl
Page 682 and 683:
Transglottal airflow (l/s) 0.4 0.2
Page 684 and 685:
Mean spectrum level (dB) -30 -40 -5
Page 686 and 687:
20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0 i y u
Page 688 and 689:
Mean level (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1
Page 690 and 691:
This topic was addressed by Ladefog
Page 692 and 693:
Fig. 16.29 Acoustic consequences of
Page 694 and 695:
Bass i e u Alto Tenor o ε œ æ Th
Page 696 and 697:
100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 80 60 40
Page 698 and 699:
tours for [� ]and[Ù ] sampled at
Page 700 and 701:
Rapp [16.100] asked three native sp
Page 702 and 703:
Utterance command T0 T3 Accent comm
Page 704 and 705:
The # symbol indicates the possibil
Page 706 and 707:
Second formant frequency (Hz) 2500
Page 708 and 709:
tional rather than absolute (à la
Page 710 and 711:
16.7 P. Ladefoged, M.H. Draper, D.
Page 712 and 713:
esonance imaging: Vowels, J. Acoust
Page 714 and 715:
16.139 A. Eriksson: Aspects of Swed
Page 716 and 717:
Computer 17. Computer Mu Music This
Page 718 and 719:
Quantum step Amplitude Quantization
Page 720 and 721:
Some might notice that linear inter
Page 722 and 723:
pers, textbooks, patents, etc. Furt
Page 724 and 725:
0:00.0 0.5 0 Computer Music 17.3 Ad
Page 726 and 727:
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3)
Page 728 and 729:
synthesizing vocoder. The main diff
Page 730 and 731:
x(n) + z -1 z -1 Scattering junctio
Page 732 and 733: 230 Hz FOF 1100 Hz FOF 1700 Hz FOF
Page 734 and 735: 0 y + - Computer Music 17.8 Physica
Page 736 and 737: -1 (1-ß )×length Velocity + Veloc
Page 738 and 739: 0 -30 (dB) -60 0 1.5 3 4.5 (kHz) Fi
Page 740 and 741: 17.10 Composition The history of co
Page 742 and 743: and variance of the features can be
Page 744 and 745: 17.20 J.L. Kelly Jr., C.C. Lochbaum
Page 746 and 747: Audio 18. Audio and Electroacoustic
Page 748 and 749: Alexander Graham Bell filed his pat
Page 750 and 751: on magnetic stripes. A common arran
Page 752 and 753: 60 40 20 0 SPL-sound pressure level
Page 754 and 755: Interaural intensity difference (dB
Page 756 and 757: with equalization, without incurrin
Page 758 and 759: Fig. 18.8 Sine wave with crossover
Page 760 and 761: 18.3.8 Dynamic Range Dynamic range
Page 762 and 763: Directly actuated type Diaphragm ty
Page 764 and 765: effective pickup pattern of the arr
Page 766 and 767: attempts to apply complementary com
Page 768 and 769: Most of the issues relating to spea
Page 770 and 771: nificant design considerations. At
Page 772 and 773: Some appreciation of the performanc
Page 774 and 775: pre-digital reverberators were elec
Page 776 and 777: and ‘s’ in English text - may b
Page 778 and 779: content of rest of the signal spect
Page 780 and 781: cross the head, in opposite directi
Page 784 and 785: 18.71 T. Sporer: Creating, assessin
Page 786 and 787: 786 Part F Biological and Medical A
Page 832 and 833:
832 Part F Biological and Medical A
Page 834 and 835:
Page 836 and 837:
Page 838 and 839:
Medical 21. Medical Acous Acoustics
Page 840 and 841:
21.1 Introduction to Medical Acoust
Page 842 and 843:
Auscultation location Right & left
Page 844 and 845:
portance. The Strouhal number has b
Page 846 and 847:
Fig. 21.3 Phono-cardiograph transdu
Page 848 and 849:
Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Displa
Page 850 and 851:
λ1 = c1 / fus θ1 λ2 = c2 / fus
Page 852 and 853:
lood flow can be resolved if the si
Page 854 and 855:
vided in the image thickness direct
Page 856 and 857:
not as predicted, because the wave
Page 858 and 859:
Fig. 21.18a,b Quadrature Doppler de
Page 860 and 861:
a) b) c) 100 0 V mV 10 0 a = 13 a =
Page 862 and 863:
Ultrasound contact gel Position enc
Page 864 and 865:
a) 10 cm b) c) 10 cm Fig. 21.32a-c
Page 866 and 867:
a) Pin B Pin A Ultrasound line b) M
Page 868 and 869:
Organ Patient Ultrasound transducer
Page 870 and 871:
systems cannot tell the difference
Page 872 and 873:
40 µm can be resolved. For a 10 kH
Page 874 and 875:
a) b) c) d) Medical Acoustics 21.4
Page 876 and 877:
Fig. 21.54 Doppler spectral wavefor
Page 878 and 879:
10 20 30 10 20 30 Pre-exercise B-mo
Page 880 and 881:
Vibrations in a punctured artery De
Page 882 and 883:
the veins and diffuse into the inte
Page 884 and 885:
21.5.3 Agitated Saline and Patent F
Page 886 and 887:
transported by those cells and/or r
Page 888 and 889:
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Relative power
Page 890 and 891:
High intensity focused ultrasound h
Page 892 and 893:
a) b) c) Fig. 21.74a-c B-mode imagi
Page 894 and 895:
provided simple metrics for the lik
Page 896 and 897:
thickness of the carotid arteries,
Page 898 and 899:
Structural 22. Structural Acoustics
Page 900 and 901:
Structural Acoustics and Vibrations
Page 902 and 903:
Magnitude (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0
Page 904 and 905:
This does not include the case wher
Page 906 and 907:
the mass matrix is taken to be cons
Page 908 and 909:
Magnitude (dB) -10 -30 -50 0 1 2 3
Page 910 and 911:
where D(ω) = ω 4 − 2iω 3�
Page 912 and 913:
form y(x, t) = � Φn(x)qn(t) . (2
Page 914 and 915:
first to solve the wave equation (2
Page 916 and 917:
5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 918 and 919:
conditions at each end) are necessa
Page 920 and 921:
from which we can derive through (2
Page 922 and 923:
In this case, the eigenfrequencies
Page 924 and 925:
of radiation modes and their link w
Page 926 and 927:
Finally, the displacement is ˜ξ(x
Page 928 and 929:
notes the value of this eigenmode a
Page 930 and 931:
Pm = ˙Q H [Rs + Ra] ˙Q , (22.262)
Page 932 and 933:
where and Ra = 2ζaω0 M Z(s) = zL
Page 934 and 935:
Radiated Power. The mean acoustic p
Page 936 and 937:
(22.318) can be written ξ(x, y, t)
Page 938 and 939:
Denoting the eigenfrequencies and e
Page 940 and 941:
Magnitude (arb. units) 3 2 1 0 -1 -
Page 942 and 943:
for any real symmetric tensor Xij.
Page 944 and 945:
F(N) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -
Page 946 and 947:
whose solution is θ1 = A cos ωτ.
Page 948 and 949:
4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 A 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Page 950 and 951:
Equations (22.423) are usually writ
Page 952 and 953:
3. As the amplitude reaches the top
Page 954 and 955:
Shallow Spherical Shells and Plates
Page 956 and 957:
22.20 L. Cremer, M. Heckl: Structur
Page 958 and 959:
Noise Noise is discussed in terms o
Page 960 and 961:
where the overbars represent time a
Page 962 and 963:
Typical outdoor setting A-weighted
Page 964 and 965:
90 dB(A)” is widely used, and imp
Page 966 and 967:
Microphone, amplifier and A/D conve
Page 968 and 969:
When each segment of the measuremen
Page 970 and 971:
found from � LW = Lp + 10 log A +
Page 972 and 973:
surement method is the ultimate use
Page 974 and 975:
An intensity analyzer is more compl
Page 976 and 977:
23.2.5 Criteria for Noise Emissions
Page 978 and 979:
Table 23.5 Table of limit values fr
Page 980 and 981:
a) Air flows freely to rotor Weak t
Page 982 and 983:
Static efficiency normalized to its
Page 984 and 985:
ful applications. Good results are
Page 986 and 987:
Table 23.8 Crossover speeds for var
Page 988 and 989:
Reduction of airplane engine noise
Page 990 and 991:
A variety of materials are used to
Page 992 and 993:
∆LF (dB) 0 -10 -20 α -30 0.05 0.
Page 994 and 995:
Absorption coefficient 1.0 0.8 0.6
Page 996 and 997:
high enough that there is little so
Page 998 and 999:
23.4.4 Criteria for Noise Immission
Page 1000 and 1001:
Table 23.10 (cont.) Some features o
Page 1002 and 1003:
Noise 23.4 Noise and the Receiver 1
Page 1004 and 1005:
view of administrative procedures r
Page 1006 and 1007:
provides recommendations for a foll
Page 1008 and 1009:
sound power levels of noise sources
Page 1010 and 1011:
23.68 ISO: ISO 9296:1988 Acoustics
Page 1012 and 1013:
in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transf
Page 1014 and 1015:
23.194 Commission of the European C
Page 1016 and 1017:
1022 Part H Engineering Acoustics P
Page 1018 and 1019:
Page 1020 and 1021:
Page 1022 and 1023:
Page 1024 and 1025:
Page 1026 and 1027:
Page 1028 and 1029:
Page 1030 and 1031:
Page 1032 and 1033:
Page 1034 and 1035:
Page 1036 and 1037:
Page 1038 and 1039:
Page 1040 and 1041:
Page 1042 and 1043:
Page 1044 and 1045:
Page 1046 and 1047:
Sound 25. Intens Sound Intensity So
Page 1048 and 1049:
Under such conditions the intensity
Page 1050 and 1051:
a) Pressure and particle velocity 0
Page 1052 and 1053:
τ is a dummy time variable. The ca
Page 1054 and 1055:
Error in intensity (dB) 5 0 -5 -10
Page 1056 and 1057:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Error du
Page 1058 and 1059:
crophones are calibrated with a pis
Page 1060 and 1061:
Sound power level (dB re 1 pW) 72 7
Page 1062 and 1063:
it is relatively straightforward si
Page 1064 and 1065:
intensity normal to the source. Thi
Page 1066 and 1067:
25.9 W. Maysenhölder: The reactive
Page 1068 and 1069:
25.77 ISO: ISO 11205 Acoustics - No
Page 1070 and 1071:
Page 1072 and 1073:
Page 1074 and 1075:
Page 1076 and 1077:
Page 1078 and 1079:
Page 1080 and 1081:
Page 1082 and 1083:
Page 1084 and 1085:
Page 1086 and 1087:
Page 1088 and 1089:
Page 1090 and 1091:
Page 1092 and 1093:
Optical 27. Optical Methods Metho f
Page 1094 and 1095:
course also present in ordinary hol
Page 1096 and 1097:
Optical Methods for Acoustics and V
Page 1098 and 1099:
Page 1100 and 1101:
Page 1102 and 1103:
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Page 1104 and 1105:
a) b) Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1106 and 1107:
nm 1000 0 -1000 150 y (mm) 100 50 O
Page 1108 and 1109:
Page 1110 and 1111:
Page 1112 and 1113:
Laser Optical Methods for Acoustics
Page 1114 and 1115:
References 27.1 E.F.F. Chladni: Die
Page 1116 and 1117:
27.75 E.-L.Johansson, L. Benckert,
Page 1118 and 1119:
Page 1120 and 1121:
Page 1122 and 1123:
Page 1124 and 1125:
Page 1126 and 1127:
Page 1128 and 1129:
Page 1130 and 1131:
About the Authors Iskander Akhatov
Page 1132 and 1133:
Neville H. Fletcher Chapter F.19 Au
Page 1134 and 1135:
Brian C. J. Moore Chapter D.13 Univ
Page 1136 and 1137:
Detailed Contents List of Abbreviat
Page 1138 and 1139:
3.8.3 Acoustic Power ..............
Page 1140 and 1141:
4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profil
Page 1142 and 1143:
7.3 Engines .......................
Page 1144 and 1145:
10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on
Page 1146 and 1147:
13.4 Temporal Processing in the Aud
Page 1148 and 1149:
15.2.5 String-Bridge-Body Coupling
Page 1150 and 1151:
19.6 Birds ........................
Page 1152 and 1153:
22.4.5 Combinations of Elementary S
Page 1154 and 1155:
24.8 Overall View on Microphone Cal
Page 1156 and 1157:
Subject Index 3 dB bandwidth 463 A
Page 1158 and 1159:
British Medical Ultrasound Society
Page 1160 and 1161:
electric circuit analogues - acoust
Page 1162 and 1163:
hyperspeech 703 hypospeech 703 I IA
Page 1164 and 1165:
- participation factors 909 - stiff
Page 1166 and 1167:
- musical instruments 541 - musical
Page 1168 and 1169:
- nonlinear vibrations 957 - plate
Page 1170 and 1171:
subjective preference theory 353 su
show all

Introduction to Acoustics

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?