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TABLE OF COTETS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION........................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... x Page LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 The Natural Environment of Croton: Present and Past..................................... 4 Calabria: Land with a Maritime Vocation?...................................................... 9 The Two Coastlines and Their Cultural Prominence............................ 9 The Forgotten Mountains of the Interior.............................................. 15 Croton and Calabria in Antiquity: Silted Harbors, Sunken Islands, Treacherous Shoals.................................................................................. 20 Historical References............................................................................ 20 Archaeological Data.............................................................................. 28 The Coastline in Antiquity: A Possible Reconstruction .................................. 30 The Scirocco Wind and the Final Moments of the Ships (Punta Scifo A, Punta Scifo B, Punta Cicala)................................................... 36 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER II HISTORY OF THE STUDIES....................................................... 41 The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its Early Discoverers: Local Fishermen and Paolo Orsi’s Reports (1908-1921).................................. 42 A New Phase of Research: Gianni Roghi and Patrizio Pensabene (1961-1978) 46 The Cooperative Aquarius and Alice Freschi’s Excavations (1983-1994)...... 48 The INA Campaigns (2005-2006).................................................................... 49 The 2005 Mapping Season................................................................... 49 x
Page The 2006 Mapping Season.................................................................... 55 Results of the Studies........................................................................................ 58 The Punta Scifo B Shipwreck............................................................... 58 The Punta Cicala Shipwreck ................................................................ 65 The Capo Cimiti Shipwreck.................................................................. 67 The Capo Bianco Shipwreck................................................................ 68 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER III THE PUNTA SCIFO A (“PAOLO ORSI”) SHIPWRECK.......... 74 The Underwater Site......................................................................................... 76 Reconstructing the Cargo of a Roman avis Lapidaria................................... 80 The Marble Elements from Punta Scifo A: A New Analysis........................... 93 Architectural Elements.......................................................................... 93 Column Shafts.................................................................................. 93 Parallels for the Punta Scifo A Columns.................................. 96 The Most Diagnostic Column Shaft: COL 1............................ 100 Inscriptions on Column Shafts Transcribed by Paolo Orsi....... 102 Marble Blocks.................................................................................. 105 Parallels from the Quarries (Proconnesus, Docimium, and Rome (Fiumicino)................................................................ 107 Non-Architectural Elements................................................................. 109 Marble Basins (Labra)..................................................................... 109 The Most Diagnostic Marble Basins: LAB 2, LAB 3, and LAB 4.......................................................................................... 112 Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ Paws............................................ 114 Dimensions............................................................................... 115 Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws: Possible Functions......... 118 Statue Pedestals................................................................................ 123 The Statuette of Eros and Psyche, Slabs, Minor Marble Finds............ 128 Ceramic, Bronze, and Lead Items......................................................... 131 Amphoras........................................................................................ 131 Pitchers (or Jugs), Sigillata Ware.................................................... 134 Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead Decoration with Heracles and the Hind.................................................................................... 135 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 137 xi
Page 1 and 2: MARBLE TRASPORT I THE TIME OF THE S
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Marble Tranport in the Tim
Page 5 and 6: To Cesare and Gabriella Bartoli, fo
Page 7 and 8: I am deeply indebted to Dr. Deborah
Page 9: Artifacts: ABA Attic base BLC Block
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Southern I
Page 15 and 16: Page Figure 29 Three-dimensional di
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Coordinates
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO The research t
Page 21 and 22: to Tarentum. After locating these a
Page 25: the Peloponnese, which sailors had
Page 28: Calabria is 240 km long and reaches
Page 31: It is, therefore, easy to understan
Page 34: territory. These peaks would also h
Page 37 and 38: The relevance of the mountains gain
Page 39 and 40: Pseudo-Scylax, an anonymous geograp
Page 41: the castle but the sea around the i
Page 44 and 45: happens in the city of Egripos (mod
Page 46 and 47: e trusted. 41 Their legends explain
Page 48 and 49: Croton who discovered three of the
Page 50: or, thereafter, Roman Copia, flouri
Page 54 and 55: The Scirocco Wind and the Final Mom
Page 56 and 57: (Drawing: D. Bartoli).
Page 58 and 59: ancient settlements and ports locat
Page 60 and 61:
The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its
Page 62 and 63:
Roman inscriptions on two of the th
Page 64 and 65:
marble table, along with fragments
Page 66 and 67:
and curiously some of the blocks an
Page 69 and 70:
Fig. 20. The catamaran Juno at work
Page 71:
The rocky spots close to the coastl
Page 74 and 75:
Fig. 23. The launch used to reach t
Page 76:
Results of the Studies The Punta Sc
Page 79 and 80:
Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
Page 81 and 82:
Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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cargo was probably intended to prov
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of which was capped at 100 denarii
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Table 5. (continued). Tons Volume (
Page 90 and 91:
Based on the available data, the ca
Page 92:
CHAPTER III THE PUTA SCIFO A (“PA
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five more labra, two pedestals, and
Page 97 and 98:
A small portion of the bottom of th
Page 99 and 100:
ecovery efforts at the beginning of
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Table 7. Catalog of marble artifact
Page 103 and 104:
Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Column Shafts The Marble Elements f
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shafts quarried throughout the Roma
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superimposed columns is the basilic
Page 117 and 118:
to their diameters. 126 As is shown
Page 119 and 120:
This has been interpreted as: Loc(o
Page 121 and 122:
administrative center in Synnada, b
Page 123 and 124:
Marble Blocks At the time of its di
Page 125 and 126:
pavonazzetto have squared or rectan
Page 127 and 128:
Marble Basins (Labra) on-Architectu
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12 shows the dimensions, both
Page 132 and 133:
Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ P
Page 134 and 135:
Table 13. Dimensions of the marble
Page 136 and 137:
Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws
Page 138:
Fig. 37. Greek relief of the sixth
Page 142 and 143:
Statue Pedestal # Table 17 (continu
Page 144:
Fig. 43. Marks left from a statue
Page 147 and 148:
trapezophoros, a vertical support f
Page 149 and 150:
Fig. 45. (a) To the left a statue o
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In Sicily, A. J. Parker and D. M. S
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Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead De
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions Like all ancient shipwr
Page 157 and 158:
CHAPTER IV THE PUTA SCIFO A SHIPWRE
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Empire’s most prominent cities. T
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Eastern materials with the modesty
Page 163 and 164:
its ruling families could be preser
Page 165 and 166:
concentrated his efforts on the eff
Page 167 and 168:
vast quantities of marble, and Rome
Page 169 and 170:
to open new quarries, hoping the in
Page 171 and 172:
Palatine, and the Thermae Antoninia
Page 173 and 174:
The Punta Scifo A shipwreck adds in
Page 175 and 176:
157 made them white elephants; too
Page 177 and 178:
oard among amphoras, kitchen cerami
Page 179 and 180:
Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 181:
Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 184 and 185:
Table 20. Percentages of shipwrecke
Page 186 and 187:
Table 22. Tonnage of known marble c
Page 188:
with the major state-owned producti
Page 191 and 192:
One characteristic that sets Procon
Page 193 and 194:
175 Synnadic, or Phrygian, which re
Page 196 and 197:
Sangarius River is at present a lit
Page 198 and 199:
CHAPTER V SUMMARY AD FIAL COCLUSIOS
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uilding project, lead me to propose
Page 202 and 203:
WORKS CITED Adam, R. 1990. Classica
Page 204 and 205:
edited by M. Waelkens and Norman He
Page 206 and 207:
Corcoran, S., and J. DeLaine. "The
Page 208 and 209:
_______. 1989b. Cavum Antrum Phrygi
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___________. 1992. "Exportation of
Page 212 and 213:
_________ and S. Festuccia. 1995. "
Page 214 and 215:
Peacock, D. P. S., and D. F. Willia
Page 216 and 217:
Richter, G.M.A. 1966. "The Furnitur
Page 218 and 219:
Spagnoli, E. 2002. "Bolli in Piombo
Page 220:
White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman T
Page 223 and 224:
LAB 3. Labrum. Present location: Ar
Page 225 and 226:
LAB 5. Labrum. Present location: Na
Page 227 and 228:
LAB 7. Labrum. Present location: Ca
Page 229 and 230:
211
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213
Page 233 and 234:
215
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HPL 5. High pedestal stand with lio
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MPL 1. Medium pedestal stand with l
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MPL 2. Medium pedestal stand with l
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LPL 1. Low pedestal stand with lion
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LPL 2. Low pedestal stand with lion
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COL 1. Column shaft. Present locati
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
COL 3B. Column shaft, fragment. Pre
Page 251 and 252:
COL 3B COL 4 COL 3C 233
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
STP 2. Statue Pedestal. Present loc
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
241
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
245
Page 265 and 266:
247
Page 267 and 268:
249
Page 269 and 270:
BLC 4. Block. Present location: Cap
Page 271 and 272:
BLC 6. Block. Present location: Las
Page 273 and 274:
BLC 8 Present location: Corazzo Des
Page 275 and 276:
BLC 10. Block. Present location: Se
Page 277 and 278:
BLC 12. Block. Present location: Se
Page 279 and 280:
STA 1. Statuette of Eros and Psyche
Page 281 and 282:
SLB 1. Marble slab. Present locatio
Page 283 and 284:
ABA 2. Attic Base. Present location
Page 285 and 286:
267
Page 287 and 288:
ABA 5. Attic Base. Present location
Page 289 and 290:
ICA 2. Ionic Capital. Present locat
Page 291 and 292:
MOB 1. Mobile artifacts. (Coticulae
Page 293 and 294:
MOB 3. Mobile artifact. (Amphora).
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
MOB 6. Mobile artifacts. (Pitchers/
Page 301 and 302:
MOB 7. Mobile artifacts. (Bronze la
Page 303 and 304:
MOB 8. Mobile artifact. (Bronze can
Page 305 and 306:
MOB 9. Mobile artifact. (Lead statu
Page 307 and 308:
APPEDIX 2 TRASCRIPTIOS OF THE ORIGI
Page 309 and 310:
[May 2, 1915]. English Translation.
Page 311 and 312:
[3 maggio 1915]. Copia = L’anno m
Page 313 and 314:
[15 maggio 1915]. R. SOPRITEDEZA AR
Page 315 and 316:
[May 15, 1915]. English Translation
Page 317 and 318:
These are the results of my mission
Page 319 and 320:
Nel foglio M presento il disegno di
Page 321 and 322:
I show on sheet M the drawing of on
Page 323 and 324:
Circus Maximus, the other in the Ca
Page 325 and 326:
Cic. Brut. 85: Memoria teneo Smyrna
Page 327 and 328:
Myscellus, an Achaean by birth, wen
Page 329 and 330:
311 ajgora;n para; tw`n Krotwviatw`
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Livy, 24.3.6: Magni igitur fructus
Page 333 and 334:
Livy, 36.42.1-4: C. Livius praefect
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stabatque sibi non segnis achates /
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the former kings of Bithynia, thoug
Page 339 and 340:
321 Plin. H 24.23.37: Spissarum uti
Page 341 and 342:
of the emperor, so to contribute to
Page 343 and 344:
325 The whole march from New Cartha
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Suet. Aug. 28: Urbem neque pro maie
Page 347 and 348:
the territory of Thuria. And when t
Page 349 and 350:
Verg. G. 3.219: Pascitur in magna S
Page 351 and 352:
widely used in Byzantium made the l
Page 353 and 354:
APPEDIX 5 ROMA QUARRY ISCRIPTIOS Ro
Page 355 and 356:
• CAES(ura) followed by the name
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