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Suetonius, it was Tiberius who “took away from many cities and private citizens ancient tax exemptions and the rights to exploit mines and quarries and to collect land rents.” 246 It seems possible that, following a trend initiated by Augustus and Agrippa, Tiberius 148 continued working towards the creation of a centralized internal imperial system to control quarry production across the Empire. Under Claudius (A.D. 41-54) the exploitation of a large portion of the Egyptian quarries began: the “Mons Claudianus,” a name given to the production center of granite in Gebel Fatireh, seems to reflect the direct involvement of Rome’s fourth emperor in its reorganization process. 247 Nero (A.D. 54-68) used green porphyry from the Peloponnese in his Domus Transitoria and villa at Sublacquea, and Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) had the Templum Pacis built with red granite from Aswan. 248 The fact that no large eastern marble blocks or semi-worked column shafts have been found at either Pompeii or Herculaneum, suggests that until A.D. 79 the flow of fine marbles from Greece, Africa, and Asia Minor was directed mostly towards Rome. 249 J. B. Ward-Perkins noticed at Pompeii a large variety of fine imported marbles, but these are laid in floors, or cut in thin, little slabs. The only marble used for door sills and other large architectural elements at Pompeii and Herculaneum came from Luna in Tuscany. 250 Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that in the first centuries B.C. and A.D. Romans were rebuilding their city as the new capital of the Mediterranean. This face-lift required 246 Suet. Tib. 49.2. 247 Pensabene 1982, 22. 248 Dodge 1991, 35, n. 64-5. 249 Fant 1990, 95. 250 Ward-Perkins 1951, 98.
vast quantities of marble, and Rome was absorbing almost the entire production of the eastern quarries. It is not coincidental that wall paintings in the Vesuvian cities tried to imitate, with their multicolored frescoes, those fancy marbles that must have been hard to find outside of the capital, at least in large quantities. The Middle and Late Empire: Peak and Decline of Marble Trade 149 At the beginning of the second century A.D. a radical change took place in Roman quarry organization. Under Trajan (A.D. 98-117) the first complex quarry inscriptions appear on blocks and column shafts, testifying to a new, reorganized method of extraction and inventory. 251 This coincides with a Roman architectural revival; it will suffice to mention that the Forum and Markets of Trajan were considered a true wonder in antiquity. These buildings were covered with paintings, stuccoes, sculptures, and such an astonishing quantity of marble that they surprised the emperor Constantius the Second during his visit in A.D. 356, and remained until Late Antiquity one of the greatest marvels of Rome. 252 The brick walls visible today, stripped in medieval times of their marble veneering, represent nothing but the skeletons of those once luxurious buildings esteemed so highly by ancient authors. Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), the Antonines (A.D. 138-192), and the Severan Dynasty (A.D. 193-235) provided new direction to the marble trade; during their reigns marble was imported in massive quantities not only to Rome but to the outlying provinces. Septimius 251 The earliest recorded date is A.D. 107. (Ward-Perkins 1951, 97). 252 Amm. Marc. 16.10.15; Bianchi Bandinelli 1995, 238.
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MARBLE TRASPORT I THE TIME OF THE S
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ABSTRACT Marble Tranport in the Tim
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To Cesare and Gabriella Bartoli, fo
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I am deeply indebted to Dr. Deborah
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Artifacts: ABA Attic base BLC Block
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Page The 2006 Mapping Season.......
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Southern I
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Page Figure 29 Three-dimensional di
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Coordinates
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CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO The research t
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to Tarentum. After locating these a
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the Peloponnese, which sailors had
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Calabria is 240 km long and reaches
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It is, therefore, easy to understan
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territory. These peaks would also h
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The relevance of the mountains gain
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Pseudo-Scylax, an anonymous geograp
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the castle but the sea around the i
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happens in the city of Egripos (mod
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e trusted. 41 Their legends explain
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Croton who discovered three of the
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or, thereafter, Roman Copia, flouri
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The Scirocco Wind and the Final Mom
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(Drawing: D. Bartoli).
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ancient settlements and ports locat
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The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its
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Roman inscriptions on two of the th
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marble table, along with fragments
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and curiously some of the blocks an
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Fig. 20. The catamaran Juno at work
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The rocky spots close to the coastl
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Fig. 23. The launch used to reach t
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Results of the Studies The Punta Sc
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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cargo was probably intended to prov
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of which was capped at 100 denarii
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Table 5. (continued). Tons Volume (
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Based on the available data, the ca
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CHAPTER III THE PUTA SCIFO A (“PA
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five more labra, two pedestals, and
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A small portion of the bottom of th
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ecovery efforts at the beginning of
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Table 7. Catalog of marble artifact
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Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
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Column Shafts The Marble Elements f
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shafts quarried throughout the Roma
Page 115 and 116: superimposed columns is the basilic
Page 117 and 118: to their diameters. 126 As is shown
Page 119 and 120: This has been interpreted as: Loc(o
Page 121 and 122: administrative center in Synnada, b
Page 123 and 124: Marble Blocks At the time of its di
Page 125 and 126: pavonazzetto have squared or rectan
Page 127 and 128: Marble Basins (Labra) on-Architectu
Page 129 and 130: Table 12 shows the dimensions, both
Page 132 and 133: Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ P
Page 134 and 135: Table 13. Dimensions of the marble
Page 136 and 137: Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws
Page 138: Fig. 37. Greek relief of the sixth
Page 142 and 143: Statue Pedestal # Table 17 (continu
Page 144: Fig. 43. Marks left from a statue
Page 147 and 148: trapezophoros, a vertical support f
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 45. (a) To the left a statue o
Page 151 and 152: In Sicily, A. J. Parker and D. M. S
Page 153 and 154: Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead De
Page 155 and 156: Conclusions Like all ancient shipwr
Page 157 and 158: CHAPTER IV THE PUTA SCIFO A SHIPWRE
Page 159 and 160: Empire’s most prominent cities. T
Page 161 and 162: Eastern materials with the modesty
Page 163 and 164: its ruling families could be preser
Page 165: concentrated his efforts on the eff
Page 169 and 170: to open new quarries, hoping the in
Page 171 and 172: Palatine, and the Thermae Antoninia
Page 173 and 174: The Punta Scifo A shipwreck adds in
Page 175 and 176: 157 made them white elephants; too
Page 177 and 178: oard among amphoras, kitchen cerami
Page 179 and 180: Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 181: Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 184 and 185: Table 20. Percentages of shipwrecke
Page 186 and 187: Table 22. Tonnage of known marble c
Page 188: with the major state-owned producti
Page 191 and 192: One characteristic that sets Procon
Page 193 and 194: 175 Synnadic, or Phrygian, which re
Page 196 and 197: Sangarius River is at present a lit
Page 198 and 199: CHAPTER V SUMMARY AD FIAL COCLUSIOS
Page 200 and 201: uilding project, lead me to propose
Page 202 and 203: WORKS CITED Adam, R. 1990. Classica
Page 204 and 205: edited by M. Waelkens and Norman He
Page 206 and 207: Corcoran, S., and J. DeLaine. "The
Page 208 and 209: _______. 1989b. Cavum Antrum Phrygi
Page 210 and 211: ___________. 1992. "Exportation of
Page 212 and 213: _________ and S. Festuccia. 1995. "
Page 214 and 215: Peacock, D. P. S., and D. F. Willia
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Richter, G.M.A. 1966. "The Furnitur
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Spagnoli, E. 2002. "Bolli in Piombo
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White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman T
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LAB 3. Labrum. Present location: Ar
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LAB 5. Labrum. Present location: Na
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LAB 7. Labrum. Present location: Ca
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211
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213
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215
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HPL 5. High pedestal stand with lio
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MPL 1. Medium pedestal stand with l
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MPL 2. Medium pedestal stand with l
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LPL 1. Low pedestal stand with lion
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LPL 2. Low pedestal stand with lion
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COL 1. Column shaft. Present locati
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COL 3B. Column shaft, fragment. Pre
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COL 3B COL 4 COL 3C 233
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STP 2. Statue Pedestal. Present loc
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241
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245
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247
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249
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BLC 4. Block. Present location: Cap
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BLC 6. Block. Present location: Las
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BLC 8 Present location: Corazzo Des
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BLC 10. Block. Present location: Se
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BLC 12. Block. Present location: Se
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STA 1. Statuette of Eros and Psyche
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SLB 1. Marble slab. Present locatio
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ABA 2. Attic Base. Present location
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267
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ABA 5. Attic Base. Present location
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ICA 2. Ionic Capital. Present locat
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MOB 1. Mobile artifacts. (Coticulae
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MOB 3. Mobile artifact. (Amphora).
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MOB 6. Mobile artifacts. (Pitchers/
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MOB 7. Mobile artifacts. (Bronze la
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MOB 8. Mobile artifact. (Bronze can
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MOB 9. Mobile artifact. (Lead statu
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APPEDIX 2 TRASCRIPTIOS OF THE ORIGI
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[May 2, 1915]. English Translation.
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[3 maggio 1915]. Copia = L’anno m
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[15 maggio 1915]. R. SOPRITEDEZA AR
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[May 15, 1915]. English Translation
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These are the results of my mission
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Nel foglio M presento il disegno di
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I show on sheet M the drawing of on
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Circus Maximus, the other in the Ca
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Cic. Brut. 85: Memoria teneo Smyrna
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Myscellus, an Achaean by birth, wen
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311 ajgora;n para; tw`n Krotwviatw`
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Livy, 24.3.6: Magni igitur fructus
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Livy, 36.42.1-4: C. Livius praefect
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stabatque sibi non segnis achates /
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the former kings of Bithynia, thoug
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321 Plin. H 24.23.37: Spissarum uti
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of the emperor, so to contribute to
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325 The whole march from New Cartha
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Suet. Aug. 28: Urbem neque pro maie
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the territory of Thuria. And when t
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Verg. G. 3.219: Pascitur in magna S
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widely used in Byzantium made the l
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APPEDIX 5 ROMA QUARRY ISCRIPTIOS Ro
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• CAES(ura) followed by the name
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