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façade, the six statue pedestals made to be placed in front of them, and 13 marble basins and highly decorated stands to embellish the building itself. The column shafts follow a well-defined set of lengths; the basins appear to fall into two distinct size groups of 3 ½ and 7 Roman feet, and lone examples of a completed basin and a finished pedestal with lions’ paws serve as templates for finishing similar items. These clues all suggest a clear pattern of standardization in production and for facilitation of completion after reception. All of the evidence hints at a cargo destined to adorn a richly-decorated building, commissioned with a particular design in mind. Even the blocks of pavonazzetto are, in a certain sense, close to completion, and may have been earmarked to cover the walls and floors of the building for which the other pavonazzetto items had been designed. 138
CHAPTER IV THE PUTA SCIFO A SHIPWRECK I COTEXT: MARBLE QUARRIES AD SEA TRASPORT I THE SEVERA AGE When the citizens of Chios showed Cicero their city walls made of the beautiful pinkish-white marble quarried on the island, he wittily remarked: “I would be much more amazed if you had made them of travertine.” 220 Cicero noticed that there was nothing 139 special in building walls with a particular stone quarried only 2 km away, however fine and spectacular it might be. Rome, on the other hand, had already demonstrated its capacity to import white and colored marbles from every corner of the Mediterranean. In the last two centuries of the Republic some members of the senatorial class, following the “ancestors’ way,” tried without success to oppose the introduction of marble, which was seen as a symbol of useless luxury. Yet, while Cicero was alive Caesar traveled from camp to camp carrying with him mobile mosaic floors, 221 and shortly afterwards Augustus boasted to “have found [Rome] a city of bricks and left [it] one of marble.” 222 Thus between the end of the Republic and beginning of the Empire there appeared a remarkable shift in cultural attitudes toward the use of exotic building stone. In the first century A.D. the amount of marble Rome consumed was so impressive that Pliny the Elder dedicated almost an entire book of his Historia aturalis to 220 Plin. H 36.5.46. 221 Suet. Iul. 46. 222 Suet. Aug. 28.
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MARBLE TRASPORT I THE TIME OF THE S
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ABSTRACT Marble Tranport in the Tim
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To Cesare and Gabriella Bartoli, fo
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I am deeply indebted to Dr. Deborah
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Artifacts: ABA Attic base BLC Block
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Page The 2006 Mapping Season.......
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Southern I
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Page Figure 29 Three-dimensional di
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Coordinates
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CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO The research t
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to Tarentum. After locating these a
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the Peloponnese, which sailors had
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Calabria is 240 km long and reaches
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It is, therefore, easy to understan
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territory. These peaks would also h
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The relevance of the mountains gain
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Pseudo-Scylax, an anonymous geograp
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the castle but the sea around the i
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happens in the city of Egripos (mod
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e trusted. 41 Their legends explain
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Croton who discovered three of the
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or, thereafter, Roman Copia, flouri
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The Scirocco Wind and the Final Mom
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(Drawing: D. Bartoli).
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ancient settlements and ports locat
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The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its
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Roman inscriptions on two of the th
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marble table, along with fragments
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and curiously some of the blocks an
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Fig. 20. The catamaran Juno at work
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The rocky spots close to the coastl
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Fig. 23. The launch used to reach t
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Results of the Studies The Punta Sc
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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cargo was probably intended to prov
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of which was capped at 100 denarii
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Table 5. (continued). Tons Volume (
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Based on the available data, the ca
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CHAPTER III THE PUTA SCIFO A (“PA
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five more labra, two pedestals, and
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A small portion of the bottom of th
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ecovery efforts at the beginning of
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Table 7. Catalog of marble artifact
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Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
Page 105 and 106: Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
Page 111 and 112: Column Shafts The Marble Elements f
Page 113 and 114: shafts quarried throughout the Roma
Page 115 and 116: superimposed columns is the basilic
Page 117 and 118: to their diameters. 126 As is shown
Page 119 and 120: This has been interpreted as: Loc(o
Page 121 and 122: administrative center in Synnada, b
Page 123 and 124: Marble Blocks At the time of its di
Page 125 and 126: pavonazzetto have squared or rectan
Page 127 and 128: Marble Basins (Labra) on-Architectu
Page 129 and 130: Table 12 shows the dimensions, both
Page 132 and 133: Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ P
Page 134 and 135: Table 13. Dimensions of the marble
Page 136 and 137: Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws
Page 138: Fig. 37. Greek relief of the sixth
Page 142 and 143: Statue Pedestal # Table 17 (continu
Page 144: Fig. 43. Marks left from a statue
Page 147 and 148: trapezophoros, a vertical support f
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 45. (a) To the left a statue o
Page 151 and 152: In Sicily, A. J. Parker and D. M. S
Page 153 and 154: Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead De
Page 155: Conclusions Like all ancient shipwr
Page 159 and 160: Empire’s most prominent cities. T
Page 161 and 162: Eastern materials with the modesty
Page 163 and 164: its ruling families could be preser
Page 165 and 166: concentrated his efforts on the eff
Page 167 and 168: vast quantities of marble, and Rome
Page 169 and 170: to open new quarries, hoping the in
Page 171 and 172: Palatine, and the Thermae Antoninia
Page 173 and 174: The Punta Scifo A shipwreck adds in
Page 175 and 176: 157 made them white elephants; too
Page 177 and 178: oard among amphoras, kitchen cerami
Page 179 and 180: Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 181: Table 18 (continued). Publication T
Page 184 and 185: Table 20. Percentages of shipwrecke
Page 186 and 187: Table 22. Tonnage of known marble c
Page 188: with the major state-owned producti
Page 191 and 192: One characteristic that sets Procon
Page 193 and 194: 175 Synnadic, or Phrygian, which re
Page 196 and 197: Sangarius River is at present a lit
Page 198 and 199: CHAPTER V SUMMARY AD FIAL COCLUSIOS
Page 200 and 201: uilding project, lead me to propose
Page 202 and 203: WORKS CITED Adam, R. 1990. Classica
Page 204 and 205: edited by M. Waelkens and Norman He
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Corcoran, S., and J. DeLaine. "The
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_______. 1989b. Cavum Antrum Phrygi
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___________. 1992. "Exportation of
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_________ and S. Festuccia. 1995. "
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Peacock, D. P. S., and D. F. Willia
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Richter, G.M.A. 1966. "The Furnitur
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Spagnoli, E. 2002. "Bolli in Piombo
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White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman T
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LAB 3. Labrum. Present location: Ar
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LAB 5. Labrum. Present location: Na
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LAB 7. Labrum. Present location: Ca
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211
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213
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215
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HPL 5. High pedestal stand with lio
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MPL 1. Medium pedestal stand with l
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MPL 2. Medium pedestal stand with l
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LPL 1. Low pedestal stand with lion
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LPL 2. Low pedestal stand with lion
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COL 1. Column shaft. Present locati
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COL 3B. Column shaft, fragment. Pre
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COL 3B COL 4 COL 3C 233
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STP 2. Statue Pedestal. Present loc
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241
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245
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249
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BLC 4. Block. Present location: Cap
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BLC 6. Block. Present location: Las
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BLC 8 Present location: Corazzo Des
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BLC 10. Block. Present location: Se
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BLC 12. Block. Present location: Se
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STA 1. Statuette of Eros and Psyche
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SLB 1. Marble slab. Present locatio
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ABA 2. Attic Base. Present location
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267
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ABA 5. Attic Base. Present location
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ICA 2. Ionic Capital. Present locat
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MOB 1. Mobile artifacts. (Coticulae
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MOB 3. Mobile artifact. (Amphora).
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MOB 6. Mobile artifacts. (Pitchers/
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MOB 7. Mobile artifacts. (Bronze la
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MOB 8. Mobile artifact. (Bronze can
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MOB 9. Mobile artifact. (Lead statu
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APPEDIX 2 TRASCRIPTIOS OF THE ORIGI
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[May 2, 1915]. English Translation.
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[3 maggio 1915]. Copia = L’anno m
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[15 maggio 1915]. R. SOPRITEDEZA AR
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[May 15, 1915]. English Translation
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These are the results of my mission
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Nel foglio M presento il disegno di
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I show on sheet M the drawing of on
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Circus Maximus, the other in the Ca
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Cic. Brut. 85: Memoria teneo Smyrna
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Myscellus, an Achaean by birth, wen
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311 ajgora;n para; tw`n Krotwviatw`
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Livy, 24.3.6: Magni igitur fructus
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Livy, 36.42.1-4: C. Livius praefect
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stabatque sibi non segnis achates /
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the former kings of Bithynia, thoug
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321 Plin. H 24.23.37: Spissarum uti
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of the emperor, so to contribute to
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325 The whole march from New Cartha
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Suet. Aug. 28: Urbem neque pro maie
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the territory of Thuria. And when t
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Verg. G. 3.219: Pascitur in magna S
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widely used in Byzantium made the l
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APPEDIX 5 ROMA QUARRY ISCRIPTIOS Ro
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• CAES(ura) followed by the name
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