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The Scirocco Wind and the Final Moments of the Ships (Punta Scifo A, Punta Scifo B, Punta Cicala) It is worth describing, in this context, my own experience in 2006, of sailing between Capo Colonna and Capo Rizzuto. There is nothing like traveling in a 5 m-long, undecked launch to help one understand the real dangers of the sea and the way it affected seafarers in antiquity. In 2006 the sea was unusually rough for mid-July in southern Italy, and more than once it was impossible to reach the archaeological site by boat due to the erratic winds and resulting choppy seas. The mornings typically began with a light north-easterly wind, known locally as Grecale, but by midday the stormy Ponente or Libeccio would blow in from west and south-west, only to die down suddenly by late afternoon (Fig.15). More than once our team was forced to take shelter in a protected bay and wait for the wind and sea to subside. This experience taught us what the ancient mariners must have been all too familiar with: unpredictable and ever- changing winds around Croton. Even though the area offers endangered ships shelter in numerous protected bays, the entire coastline is totally exposed to the destructive action of the southerly Scirocco. This may explain why so many ships were wrecked along this coastline, and why the Punta Scifo A and Punta Scifo B shipwrecks lie with their bows oriented to the north, while the marble carrier smashed on the rocks of Punta Cicala is oriented along an east-west axis. 61 The captains of these three ships saw the harbor of Croton on their starboard side, and would have gladly reached it, if only they could. 61 See Chapter II, pp. 58-65; Chapter III, pp. 74-5 for additional information. 36
Coming from the northeast, caught by a storm of Grecale, they could not steer the necessary course to reach Croton safely without taking the risk of capsizing their ships by exposure to high waves. Unable to reach Croton, their only option was to proceed past Capo Colonna, and try to find shelter behind it, in the bay of Punta Scifo (Fig. 15). After the ships entered the bay, perhaps the Scirocco blew in suddenly and dashed them against the sharp rocks that in antiquity were closer to the surface than they are today. The captain of the Punta Cicala wreck passed Capo Colonna and was on his way to Punta Scifo, but apparently was not able to keep the ship far enough from the surfacing rocks of Punta Cicala: this marble carrier hit them, sinking with its bow oriented towards the bay it never reached. Sometimes the sea, not the captain, dictates the route. 37
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MARBLE TRASPORT I THE TIME OF THE S
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Marble Tranport in the Tim
Page 5 and 6: To Cesare and Gabriella Bartoli, fo
Page 7 and 8: I am deeply indebted to Dr. Deborah
Page 9 and 10: Artifacts: ABA Attic base BLC Block
Page 11 and 12: Page The 2006 Mapping Season.......
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Southern I
Page 15 and 16: Page Figure 29 Three-dimensional di
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Coordinates
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO The research t
Page 21 and 22: to Tarentum. After locating these a
Page 25: the Peloponnese, which sailors had
Page 28: Calabria is 240 km long and reaches
Page 31: It is, therefore, easy to understan
Page 34: territory. These peaks would also h
Page 37 and 38: The relevance of the mountains gain
Page 39 and 40: Pseudo-Scylax, an anonymous geograp
Page 41: the castle but the sea around the i
Page 44 and 45: happens in the city of Egripos (mod
Page 46 and 47: e trusted. 41 Their legends explain
Page 48 and 49: Croton who discovered three of the
Page 50: or, thereafter, Roman Copia, flouri
Page 56 and 57: (Drawing: D. Bartoli).
Page 58 and 59: ancient settlements and ports locat
Page 60 and 61: The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its
Page 62 and 63: Roman inscriptions on two of the th
Page 64 and 65: marble table, along with fragments
Page 66 and 67: and curiously some of the blocks an
Page 69 and 70: Fig. 20. The catamaran Juno at work
Page 71: The rocky spots close to the coastl
Page 74 and 75: Fig. 23. The launch used to reach t
Page 76: Results of the Studies The Punta Sc
Page 79 and 80: Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
Page 81 and 82: Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
Page 83: cargo was probably intended to prov
Page 86 and 87: of which was capped at 100 denarii
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. (continued). Tons Volume (
Page 90 and 91: Based on the available data, the ca
Page 92: CHAPTER III THE PUTA SCIFO A (“PA
Page 95 and 96: five more labra, two pedestals, and
Page 97 and 98: A small portion of the bottom of th
Page 99 and 100: ecovery efforts at the beginning of
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Catalog of marble artifact
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Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
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Column Shafts The Marble Elements f
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shafts quarried throughout the Roma
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superimposed columns is the basilic
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to their diameters. 126 As is shown
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This has been interpreted as: Loc(o
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administrative center in Synnada, b
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Marble Blocks At the time of its di
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pavonazzetto have squared or rectan
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Marble Basins (Labra) on-Architectu
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Table 12 shows the dimensions, both
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Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ P
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Table 13. Dimensions of the marble
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Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws
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Fig. 37. Greek relief of the sixth
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Statue Pedestal # Table 17 (continu
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Fig. 43. Marks left from a statue
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trapezophoros, a vertical support f
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Fig. 45. (a) To the left a statue o
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In Sicily, A. J. Parker and D. M. S
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Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead De
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Conclusions Like all ancient shipwr
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CHAPTER IV THE PUTA SCIFO A SHIPWRE
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Empire’s most prominent cities. T
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Eastern materials with the modesty
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its ruling families could be preser
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concentrated his efforts on the eff
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vast quantities of marble, and Rome
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to open new quarries, hoping the in
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Palatine, and the Thermae Antoninia
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The Punta Scifo A shipwreck adds in
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157 made them white elephants; too
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oard among amphoras, kitchen cerami
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Table 18 (continued). Publication T
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Table 18 (continued). Publication T
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Table 20. Percentages of shipwrecke
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Table 22. Tonnage of known marble c
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with the major state-owned producti
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One characteristic that sets Procon
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175 Synnadic, or Phrygian, which re
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Sangarius River is at present a lit
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CHAPTER V SUMMARY AD FIAL COCLUSIOS
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uilding project, lead me to propose
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WORKS CITED Adam, R. 1990. Classica
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edited by M. Waelkens and Norman He
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Corcoran, S., and J. DeLaine. "The
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_______. 1989b. Cavum Antrum Phrygi
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___________. 1992. "Exportation of
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_________ and S. Festuccia. 1995. "
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Peacock, D. P. S., and D. F. Willia
Page 216 and 217:
Richter, G.M.A. 1966. "The Furnitur
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Spagnoli, E. 2002. "Bolli in Piombo
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White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman T
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LAB 3. Labrum. Present location: Ar
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LAB 5. Labrum. Present location: Na
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LAB 7. Labrum. Present location: Ca
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211
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213
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215
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HPL 5. High pedestal stand with lio
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MPL 1. Medium pedestal stand with l
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MPL 2. Medium pedestal stand with l
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LPL 1. Low pedestal stand with lion
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LPL 2. Low pedestal stand with lion
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COL 1. Column shaft. Present locati
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COL 3B. Column shaft, fragment. Pre
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COL 3B COL 4 COL 3C 233
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STP 2. Statue Pedestal. Present loc
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241
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245
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247
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249
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BLC 4. Block. Present location: Cap
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BLC 6. Block. Present location: Las
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BLC 8 Present location: Corazzo Des
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BLC 10. Block. Present location: Se
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BLC 12. Block. Present location: Se
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STA 1. Statuette of Eros and Psyche
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SLB 1. Marble slab. Present locatio
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ABA 2. Attic Base. Present location
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267
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ABA 5. Attic Base. Present location
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ICA 2. Ionic Capital. Present locat
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MOB 1. Mobile artifacts. (Coticulae
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MOB 3. Mobile artifact. (Amphora).
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Page 297 and 298:
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MOB 6. Mobile artifacts. (Pitchers/
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MOB 7. Mobile artifacts. (Bronze la
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MOB 8. Mobile artifact. (Bronze can
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MOB 9. Mobile artifact. (Lead statu
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APPEDIX 2 TRASCRIPTIOS OF THE ORIGI
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[May 2, 1915]. English Translation.
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[3 maggio 1915]. Copia = L’anno m
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[15 maggio 1915]. R. SOPRITEDEZA AR
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[May 15, 1915]. English Translation
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These are the results of my mission
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Nel foglio M presento il disegno di
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I show on sheet M the drawing of on
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Circus Maximus, the other in the Ca
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Cic. Brut. 85: Memoria teneo Smyrna
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Myscellus, an Achaean by birth, wen
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311 ajgora;n para; tw`n Krotwviatw`
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Livy, 24.3.6: Magni igitur fructus
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Livy, 36.42.1-4: C. Livius praefect
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stabatque sibi non segnis achates /
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the former kings of Bithynia, thoug
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321 Plin. H 24.23.37: Spissarum uti
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of the emperor, so to contribute to
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325 The whole march from New Cartha
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Suet. Aug. 28: Urbem neque pro maie
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the territory of Thuria. And when t
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Verg. G. 3.219: Pascitur in magna S
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widely used in Byzantium made the l
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APPEDIX 5 ROMA QUARRY ISCRIPTIOS Ro
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• CAES(ura) followed by the name
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