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was called “Caesar” rather than “Augustus” when he was referred to as a private citizen, and not as Head of State. Therefore, one can deduce that some quarries belonged to the Emperor’s personal possessions, and were outside of public control. 327 On the other hand, the letters CAES could also mean CAES(ura), the highly-trained “cutting team” that knew how to follow the natural grain of the bedrock and cut it free of imperfections that might compromise a stone when put to use. A number of abbreviations is frequently found on blocks of marble coming from the quarries of Teos (africano), Simitthus (giallo antico), Carystos (cipollino), Chios 336 (portasanta) and on Parian white marble used for sculptures. 328 The timeframe for their use was from A.D. 64 until A.D. 236, after which they are no longer quarried. 329 The following initials are normally found: • N(umerus): the shipping number of the block or column shaft itself. • EX RATIONE followed by the name of the quarry’s contractor, usually an Imperial slave: “Credited to the account of…”, used from the age of Vespasian onwards. 330 • SUB CURA: meaning “under the supervision of…”; • CAES(aris): identifies the imperial ownership of the marble item; 327 Fant 1993, 83. 328 Pensabene 2002a, 19. 329 An inscription possibly dated to Marcus (Licinius?) Crassus’ consulship might provide the year 64 A.D. as terminus post quem for the introduction of quarry-marks. A block of giallo antico found in Rome and recorded by L. Bruzza in 1870 has the inscription: M. CRASSO COS EX R LAE / NCCCXCIIX (opposite side). Trans: “Under the consulship of Marcus Crassus, (this block) was credited to the account of Laetus. Number 398.” (Bruzza 1870, 187, n. 220.) List of consuls from: Degrassi 1952, 17. 330 Pensabene 1998a, 358.
• CAES(ura) followed by the name of the supervisor of the workers who cut the piece of marble; • OFF(icina) followed by the name of the director of the “workshop” that received the rough item from the team mentioned in the caesura; • LOC(o) followed by a numeral indicating the marble’s vein from which the rough block was carved; • BRACC(hium) followed by a numeral registering the quarry’s sector from which the block came; • CO(n)S(uls): the name of the two consuls in charge in the year of production. • COM(missura?): the actual reading and meaning of this abbreviation remain unknown. For only two centuries, from the Flavian to the Severan ages, it was thought necessary to carve complex inscriptions at some quarries, probably to mark the owners’ names and to inventory the number of items produced in a given year at a given location. These inscriptions disappear after A.D. 236. 337
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MARBLE TRASPORT I THE TIME OF THE S
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ABSTRACT Marble Tranport in the Tim
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To Cesare and Gabriella Bartoli, fo
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I am deeply indebted to Dr. Deborah
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Artifacts: ABA Attic base BLC Block
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Page The 2006 Mapping Season.......
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Southern I
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Page Figure 29 Three-dimensional di
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Coordinates
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CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO The research t
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to Tarentum. After locating these a
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the Peloponnese, which sailors had
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Calabria is 240 km long and reaches
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It is, therefore, easy to understan
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territory. These peaks would also h
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The relevance of the mountains gain
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Pseudo-Scylax, an anonymous geograp
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the castle but the sea around the i
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happens in the city of Egripos (mod
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e trusted. 41 Their legends explain
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Croton who discovered three of the
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or, thereafter, Roman Copia, flouri
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The Scirocco Wind and the Final Mom
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(Drawing: D. Bartoli).
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ancient settlements and ports locat
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The Punta Scifo A Shipwreck and Its
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Roman inscriptions on two of the th
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marble table, along with fragments
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and curiously some of the blocks an
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Fig. 20. The catamaran Juno at work
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The rocky spots close to the coastl
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Fig. 23. The launch used to reach t
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Results of the Studies The Punta Sc
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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Item # Block/Slab Length (m) Table
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cargo was probably intended to prov
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of which was capped at 100 denarii
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Table 5. (continued). Tons Volume (
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Based on the available data, the ca
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CHAPTER III THE PUTA SCIFO A (“PA
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five more labra, two pedestals, and
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A small portion of the bottom of th
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ecovery efforts at the beginning of
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Table 7. Catalog of marble artifact
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Table 7 (continued). Current Locati
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Column Shafts The Marble Elements f
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shafts quarried throughout the Roma
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superimposed columns is the basilic
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to their diameters. 126 As is shown
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This has been interpreted as: Loc(o
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administrative center in Synnada, b
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Marble Blocks At the time of its di
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pavonazzetto have squared or rectan
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Marble Basins (Labra) on-Architectu
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Table 12 shows the dimensions, both
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Pedestals Decorated with Lions’ P
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Table 13. Dimensions of the marble
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Stands Decorated with Lions’ Paws
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Fig. 37. Greek relief of the sixth
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Statue Pedestal # Table 17 (continu
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Fig. 43. Marks left from a statue
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trapezophoros, a vertical support f
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Fig. 45. (a) To the left a statue o
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In Sicily, A. J. Parker and D. M. S
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Bronze Ladles, Candelabrum, Lead De
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Conclusions Like all ancient shipwr
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CHAPTER IV THE PUTA SCIFO A SHIPWRE
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Empire’s most prominent cities. T
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Eastern materials with the modesty
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its ruling families could be preser
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concentrated his efforts on the eff
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vast quantities of marble, and Rome
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to open new quarries, hoping the in
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Palatine, and the Thermae Antoninia
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The Punta Scifo A shipwreck adds in
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157 made them white elephants; too
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oard among amphoras, kitchen cerami
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Table 18 (continued). Publication T
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Table 18 (continued). Publication T
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Table 20. Percentages of shipwrecke
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Table 22. Tonnage of known marble c
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with the major state-owned producti
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One characteristic that sets Procon
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175 Synnadic, or Phrygian, which re
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Sangarius River is at present a lit
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CHAPTER V SUMMARY AD FIAL COCLUSIOS
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uilding project, lead me to propose
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WORKS CITED Adam, R. 1990. Classica
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edited by M. Waelkens and Norman He
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Corcoran, S., and J. DeLaine. "The
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_______. 1989b. Cavum Antrum Phrygi
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___________. 1992. "Exportation of
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_________ and S. Festuccia. 1995. "
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Peacock, D. P. S., and D. F. Willia
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Richter, G.M.A. 1966. "The Furnitur
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Spagnoli, E. 2002. "Bolli in Piombo
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White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman T
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LAB 3. Labrum. Present location: Ar
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LAB 5. Labrum. Present location: Na
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LAB 7. Labrum. Present location: Ca
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211
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213
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215
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HPL 5. High pedestal stand with lio
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MPL 1. Medium pedestal stand with l
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MPL 2. Medium pedestal stand with l
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LPL 1. Low pedestal stand with lion
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LPL 2. Low pedestal stand with lion
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COL 1. Column shaft. Present locati
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COL 3B. Column shaft, fragment. Pre
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COL 3B COL 4 COL 3C 233
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STP 2. Statue Pedestal. Present loc
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241
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245
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249
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BLC 4. Block. Present location: Cap
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BLC 6. Block. Present location: Las
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BLC 8 Present location: Corazzo Des
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BLC 10. Block. Present location: Se
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BLC 12. Block. Present location: Se
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STA 1. Statuette of Eros and Psyche
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SLB 1. Marble slab. Present locatio
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ABA 2. Attic Base. Present location
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267
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ABA 5. Attic Base. Present location
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ICA 2. Ionic Capital. Present locat
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MOB 1. Mobile artifacts. (Coticulae
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MOB 3. Mobile artifact. (Amphora).
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MOB 6. Mobile artifacts. (Pitchers/
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MOB 7. Mobile artifacts. (Bronze la
Page 303 and 304: MOB 8. Mobile artifact. (Bronze can
Page 305 and 306: MOB 9. Mobile artifact. (Lead statu
Page 307 and 308: APPEDIX 2 TRASCRIPTIOS OF THE ORIGI
Page 309 and 310: [May 2, 1915]. English Translation.
Page 311 and 312: [3 maggio 1915]. Copia = L’anno m
Page 313 and 314: [15 maggio 1915]. R. SOPRITEDEZA AR
Page 315 and 316: [May 15, 1915]. English Translation
Page 317 and 318: These are the results of my mission
Page 319 and 320: Nel foglio M presento il disegno di
Page 321 and 322: I show on sheet M the drawing of on
Page 323 and 324: Circus Maximus, the other in the Ca
Page 325 and 326: Cic. Brut. 85: Memoria teneo Smyrna
Page 327 and 328: Myscellus, an Achaean by birth, wen
Page 329 and 330: 311 ajgora;n para; tw`n Krotwviatw`
Page 331 and 332: Livy, 24.3.6: Magni igitur fructus
Page 333 and 334: Livy, 36.42.1-4: C. Livius praefect
Page 335 and 336: stabatque sibi non segnis achates /
Page 337 and 338: the former kings of Bithynia, thoug
Page 339 and 340: 321 Plin. H 24.23.37: Spissarum uti
Page 341 and 342: of the emperor, so to contribute to
Page 343 and 344: 325 The whole march from New Cartha
Page 345 and 346: Suet. Aug. 28: Urbem neque pro maie
Page 347 and 348: the territory of Thuria. And when t
Page 349 and 350: Verg. G. 3.219: Pascitur in magna S
Page 351 and 352: widely used in Byzantium made the l
Page 353: APPEDIX 5 ROMA QUARRY ISCRIPTIOS Ro
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