FILSAFAT KORUPSI - Direktori File UPI

countries in the region.
32
29
More information is available at http://www.cspp.strath.ac.uk.
30
Their most recent work, along with other related survey work, and most of the underlying data are available
at: http://www.nobribes.org/rc_main.shtm, a web site for the Anti-Corruption Network for Transition
Economies.
31
Russian data are from the seventh New Russia Barometer and consist of a nationwide samples of almost
2,000 people undertaken by VCIOM, the oldest Russian survey institute. The survey for the New Russia
Barometer VII
was carried out between March 5 and April 15, 1998. This is the survey used in cross-country comparison.
However,
two additional surveys have been carried out in Russia, VIII in December 1999 and IX in March 2000.
Their results will
be reported when they reflect changes in attitudes or new information obtained from newly asked
questions. The fifth
New Democracies Barometer survey of the Paul Lazerfeld Society in Vienna was conducted in 1998 in 12
countries, 11
post-socialist countries and Austria using a nationwide representative sample; a total of 12, 643 people
were interviewed
(Rose and Haerpfer 1998a:7-9, Rose and Haepfer, 1998b: 17-19, 64-67). Both sets of data have been
analyzed by
Richard Rose and his colleagues at the Centre for the Study of Public Policy at the University of
Strathclyde, Glasgow.
The former socialist countries included in survey V are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,
Poland, Romania,
Slovenia, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Belarus, and Ukraine.
32
Details for the New Democracies Barometer V are in Rose and Haerpfer, 1998a:55-58. The relevant
questions concerned freedom of speech, freedom to join organizations, freedom to travel, freedom to be
involved in
politics or not, and religious freedom. The question on which there was the most cross-country variation
concerned
freedom to travel and live where one wants. Fifty-one per cent of people in Yugoslavia. 23% in Ukraine,
14% in
Belarus, and 13% in Croatia thought that things were worse along this dimension compared with single
digit responses
elsewhere (0% in Poland to 8% in Slovenia). For the other four questions those saying that the present
situation was
109
Page 30
30
In spite of their perception of increased freedom, citizens are critical of the process of
transition and of state institutions and officials. They are skeptical about their ability to influence
government decisions compared to the old regime. Forty-five percent of Russians and 46% of
people in the other countries surveyed say there is no difference between regimes on this score. The
contrast between Russian and Central Europe shows up when people are asked to compare the
present with the communist past. In the New Democracies study 33% think their influence has
increased compared with 20% who think it has decreased. The Russians are much more alienated
with only 9% believing that their influence has increased and 46% saying it has decreased.
33
More evidence of citizens‘ skepticism comes from a survey by William Miller and his
associates. They asked who had benefitted most from the transition. Few claimed that ordinary