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And in a report on the year 2006 by Reporters sans Frontières one reads the following about Zambia: 9 Amnesty International (AI), Zambia Press Freedom Under Siege, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630031999?open&of=ENG-ZMB, (April 3 rd 2007) 10 US Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2005 – Zambia, (April 3 rd 2007) 11 Reporters Sans Frontières, Freedom of the Press Worldwide in 2004, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10165, (April 5 th 2007) Page 8 “As so often in Africa, the Zambian press has been an easy scapegoat whenever the political climate deteriorates. In Zambia, where press offences come under criminal law, government partisans can use unfair laws to throw any journalist in prison at whim. In consequence, criticising the head of state is a high risk exercise for editorialists.” 12 Swedish International Development Cooperation Sida is a governmental agency that operates to reduce poverty throughout the world. The main focus is to help and create opportunities for impoverished people to improve their own situations. Sida works with over 120 nations throughout the world and carries out about 5 500 operations per year. 13 A little less than one percent of the entire Swedish GDP is meant for aid and development projects. Sida is responsible for about 60% of this amount, approximately S EK 15 billion. 14 Sida does not have people working on location in all of their countries of operation; in fact they mostly cooperate with interna tional and local organizations that get funding from Sida. In recent years Sweden has begun focusing more and more on the fight against corruption and Sida contributes to the fight in its countries of operation by: “participating in international efforts to develop methods, strategies and tactics supporting research supporting organizations working to combat corruption countering corruption in individual countries educating colleagues to enable them to detect early tendencies towards corruption and act appropriately analyzing all action taken part in this respect, and having it professionally audited”15 Sida is focusing more and more on budget support and help to develop and improve transparency and auditing within the public sector, as opposed to funding projects etc. which used to be the main focus. Transparency International 12 Reporters sans Frontières, Freedom of the Press Worldwide in 2006, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17406, (April 5 t h 2007) 13 SIDA, Sidas uppdrag, http://sida.se/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=107, (April 3 rd 2007), 1 14 SIDA, SIDA ’s budget and annual report, http://sida.se/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=131&language=en_US, (April 4 th 2007), 1 15 SIDA, Fighting corruption – a prioritated issue, http://sida.se/shared/jsp download.jsp?f=SIDA31079en_corruption.pdf&a=26079, (Feb. 10 th 2007), 2 166 Page 9 TI is an international NGO based in Berlin, Germany working against corruption, both on a local and on a global level. The organization is divided into about 90 local chapters around the world. 16 These chapters
167 bring together the media, politicians and general public as well as people from the business world and promote transparency. TI works to raise awareness of and spread knowledge about the problem itself as well as the consequences of it. By trying to prevent multinational companies from paying bribes in order to get contracts in undeveloped countries they struggle to reduce corruption and increase transparency throughout the world. TI also works with other organizations that fight corruption and they offer expertise , tools and funding. Each year, TI gives out a report on corruption called “Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index” (CPI) which is based on extensive surveys in each country. The CPI shows the level of corruption in most countries of the world. Result The incentives to corruption are almost always linked to money. People who commit acts of corruption do so in order to gain a personal profit. The methods used vary, but the motive is always the same – to gain personal profit. The most common reason is to get money but there are of course other profits to be made too, e.g. political power, trade licenses, contracts etc. There is also a clear connection between poor and undeveloped countries and corruption rates. This has to do with undeveloped democratic structures and political oppression. In countries where there is a tradition of democracy and a free press there is transparency, there are auditing services that monitor the government and there are opposition parties that question the government‟s work and ambitions. Since there is transparency all the incomes and expenses are official documents which make it impossible to hide or censor any additional money that has gone somewhere else than intended. It is also observable that low salaries are directly linked to corruption, which leads to countries with low salaries ending up with even more corruption. It is definitely a vicious cycle; if there is corruption it will ultimately hit the poor people the hardest and by making the poor even poorer, the risk that they will commit acts of corruption increases drastically. There are many ways of countering corruption. NGO: s, e.g. TI, works to spread knowledge about corruption and its devastating consequences. They also fund different projects to reduce corruption and they struggle to increase ransparency throughout the world. There are also governmental subsidies to support the democratization process in undeveloped nations. Some subsidies are meant for the education of journalists, lawyers, auditors etc. This is of course an attempt to increase transparency and democracy. Discussion 16 TI, About Transparency International, http://transparency.org/layout/set/print/about_us (April 4 th 2007) Page 10 As mentioned, there is a clear connection between poverty and corruption. This clearly shows that it is poverty that needs to be countered and the best way to do that is to help countries with their budgets and finances and educate people locally so that they can administrate the governments using the proper methods. This may seem like an extremely western way of looking at it; they have to do it the proper way. However, I stand firm at that statement because , after all, it is we in the industrialized parts of the world, especially Europe, who have forced them into to operating their nations in a certain way – our way. When the first colonialists came, they introduced a new, alien form of governing. When we later left, in the middle of the 20 th century, we left them to handle these foreign administrations themselves, but there were no people educated in how to run a nation using the “western form of government”. On this basis, I think that it is our responsibility to contribute financially and educationally to help develop nations. This does not mean that colonization is a way to reach democracy; there are definitely more ways than ours to develop and govern countries successfully.A great advantage of globalization is a more widespread democracy and transparency, and those tools are indispensable for the sustainable development throughout the world. Transparency is the only way to get rid of corruption and to secure a stable democracy. Evaluation of sources The sources that I used for this essay were among others Sida , both material from the homepage and published booklets and essays. I consider this a reliable source since it is a governmental agency with years of experience and knowledge about the topic. Amnesty International is an activist organization and one
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justified by recourse to some princ
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corruptor (as we have defined corru
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to, a large corporation who steal f
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including the moral characters of t
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disibukkan dengan suatu tindakan ko
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penawaran dengan demikian digangsir
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corruption — although it might se
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yang ia percaya untuk;menjadi [hak/
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case they would occasionally make e
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analogies lead to bad conclusions,
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Population Public officials . Not e
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. that it is a successful practice
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as corruption within international
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wrath is seen as directed at our ow
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Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright:
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studies, for example, Watergate. In
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Corruption is widely recognised to
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Developing Cultural Criminology: Th
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Paradigms of Power & Persuasion, 1-
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phenomenon, is it not plausible tha
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Definition of Institutional Corrupt
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The third and final thesis to be di
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A final point about social groups.
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espect of the moral weight to be at
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institutional actor in this setting
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elationship can be overcome or even
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Related research VI Page 1 The Role
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sentiments and when the rule of sys
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Publishing Press, Bucharest 1994 (I
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monitor it) and in a context in whi
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Page 16 16 belief that others are a
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18 may demand payoffs in return for
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Firms pay bribes to obtain certaint
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conflicts of interest have not been
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of social capital (Putnam, 2000). P
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such activities, the government sup
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countries in the region. 32 29 More
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Communist countries (Inglehart and
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113 gov-ernment, and tests the hypo
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