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many motives for corrupt actions, including desires for wealth, status, and power. However, there is apparently at least one motive that we might think ought not to be associated with corruption, namely, acting for the sake of good. Here we need to be careful. For sometimes actions that are done for the sake of good are, nevertheless, morally wrong actions. Indeed, some actions that are done out of a desire to achieve good are corrupt actions, namely, acts of so-called noble cause corruption. Ketika kita lihat lebih awal, tindakan jahat kasus paradigma adalah suatu jenis [dari;ttg] salah, kebiasaan, tindakan. Bagaimana tentang alasan untuk tindakan jahat? Kita lihat di atas yang ada banyak alasan untuk tindakan jahat, mencakup keinginan untuk kekayaan, status, dan [kuasa/ tenaga]. Bagaimanapun, ada kelihatannya sedikitnya satu alasan yang kita mungkin berpikir sebaiknya untuk menjadi tidak dihubungkan dengan korupsi, [yang] yakni, bertindak atas nama sake;tujuan [dari;ttg] baik. Di sini kita perlu untuk saksama. Karena kadang-kadang tindakan yang dilaksanakan demi baik adalah, meskipun demikian, secara moral tindakan salah. Tentu saja, beberapa tindakan yang memberesi suatu keinginan untuk mencapai baik adalah tindakan jahat, [yang] yakni, tindakan yang disebut korupsi penyebab mulia. This is not the place to provide a detailed treatment of the phenomenon of noble cause corruption. [23] Rather let us simply note that even in cases of noble cause corruption — contra what the person who performs the action thinks — the ‗corrupt‘ action morally ought not to be performed; or at least paradigmatically the ‗corrupt‘ action morally ought not to be performed. Accordingly, the person who performs it is either deceiving him or herself, or is simply mistaken when they judge that the action morally ought to be performed. So their motive, i.e., to act for the sake of what is right, has a moral deficiency. They are only acting for the sake of what they believe is morally right, but in fact it is not morally right; their belief is a false belief. So we can conclude that corrupt actions are, at least in the paradigm case, habitual actions that are morally wrong, and therefore not motivated by the true belief that they are morally right. Ini adalah bukan tempat untuk menyediakan suatu perawatan [yang] terperinci peristiwa [dari;ttg] penyebab mulia corruption.[23] Melainkan mari kita hanya catat bahwa bahkan jika korupsi penyebab mulia- kontra apa yang orang [siapa] yang melaksanakan tindakan [itu] berpikir- ' jahat' tindakan [yang] secara moral sebaiknya untuk menjadi tidak dilakukan; atau sedikitnya paradigmatically ' jahat' tindakan [yang] secara moral sebaiknya untuk menjadi tidak dilakukan. Maka, orang [siapa] yang melaksanakan ia/nya adalah yang manapun menipu dia atau dirinya, atau hanya salah mengira ketika mereka [menilai/menghakimi] [bahwa/yang] tindakan [yang] secara moral hendaknya dilakukan. Maka alasan mereka, yaitu., untuk bertindak atas nama sake;tujuan dari apa [yang] adalah benar, mempunyai suatu kekurangan moral. Mereka hanya bertindak atas nama sake;tujuan dari apa [yang] mereka percaya [hak/ kebenaran] secara moral, tetapi sesungguhnya [itu] tidaklah [hak/ kebenaran] secara moral; kepercayaan mereka adalah suatu kepercayaan sumbang/palsu. Maka kita dapat menyimpulkan tindakan jahat itu adalah, sedikitnya di (dalam) kasus paradigma, tindakan kebiasaan yang secara moral salah, dan oleh karena itu tidak yang termotivasi oleh kepercayaan benar yang mereka [hak/ kebenaran] secara moral. Here there are more complex excuses and justifications available for what might first appear to be an act of noble cause corruption. Perhaps a police officer did not know that some form of evidence was not admissible. The police officer's false belief that an action is right (putting forward the evidence in a court of law) was rationally dependent on some false non-moral belief (that the evidence was admissible); and the police officer came to hold that non-moral belief as a result of a rational process (he was informed, or at least misinformed, that the evidence was admissible by a senior officer). This would incline us to say that the putative act of noble cause corruption was not really an act of 28
corruption — although it might serve to undermine a morally legitimate institutional process - and therefore not an act of noble cause corruption. This intuition is consistent with our account of corruption. The police officer in question did perform an action that undermined a legitimate criminal justice process. However, his action was not corrupt because he is not a corruptor. He did not intend to undermine the process, he did not foresee that the process would be undermined, and he could not reasonably have been expected to foresee that it would be undermined. Nor is his action the expression of a corrupt character. Di sini ada pertimbangan dan alasan lebih rumit yang tersedia untuk kekuatan apa [yang] yang pertama nampak seperti suatu tindakan [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia. Barangkali suatu polisi tidak mengetahui bahwa format beberapa bukti tidaklah dapat diterima. Kepercayaan polisi sumbang/palsu yang suatu tindakan adalah benar ( meletakkan pemain depan bukti di (dalam) suatu pengadilan) secara rasional dependent pada [atas] beberapa yang sumbang/palsu kepercayaan tidak moral ( [bahwa/yang] bukti adalah dapat diterima); dan polisi datang untuk [memegang/menjaga] kepercayaan [yang] tidak moral itu sebagai hasil suatu proses masuk akal ( ia telah diberitahukan, atau sedikitnya menjelaskan keliru, [bahwa/yang] bukti adalah dapat diterima oleh seorang petugas senior). Ini akan menundukkan [kita/kami] untuk kata[kan [bahwa/yang] tindakan yang yang bereputasi baik [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia tidaklah benar-benar suatu tindakan korupsi- walaupun itu bisa melayani untuk mengikis suatu proses kelembagaan [yang] sah- dan oleh karena itu bukan suatu tindakan [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia. Intuisi ini adalah konsisten dengan rekening/tg-jawab korupsi [kita/kami]. Polisi yang dimasalahkan benar-benar melaksanakan suatu tindakan yang menggangsir suatu proses peradilan pidana sah. Bagaimanapun, tindakan nya tidaklah merusak sebab ia bukanlah suatu koruptor. Ia tidak berniat untuk mengikis proses [itu], ia tidak meramalkan [bahwa/yang] proses akan digangsir, dan ia tidak bisa layak telah diharapkan untuk meramalkan bahwa itu akan digangsir. Maupun adalah tindakan nya ungkapan suatu karakter jahat. Earlier, it was suggested that acts of noble cause corruption are paradigmatically actions that morally ought not to be performed, contra what the actor believes. However, it is conceivable that some acts of noble cause corruption are morally justified. Perhaps the act of noble cause corruption while wrong in itself, nevertheless, was morally justified from an all things considered standpoint. If so, we might conclude either that the action was not an act of corruption (and therefore not an act of noble cause corruption). Alternatively, we might conclude that it was an act of corruption, but one of those few acts of corruption that was justified in the circumstances. Perhaps both options are possibilities. Di sini ada pertimbangan dan alasan lebih rumit yang tersedia untuk kekuatan apa [yang] yang pertama nampak seperti suatu tindakan [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia. Barangkali suatu polisi tidak mengetahui bahwa format beberapa bukti tidaklah dapat diterima. Kepercayaan polisi sumbang/palsu yang suatu tindakan adalah benar ( meletakkan pemain depan bukti di (dalam) suatu pengadilan) secara rasional dependent pada [atas] beberapa yang sumbang/palsu kepercayaan tidak moral ( [bahwa/yang] bukti adalah dapat diterima); dan polisi datang untuk [memegang/menjaga] kepercayaan [yang] tidak moral itu sebagai hasil suatu proses masuk akal ( ia telah diberitahukan, atau sedikitnya menjelaskan keliru, [bahwa/yang] bukti adalah dapat diterima oleh seorang petugas senior). Ini akan menundukkan [kita/kami] untuk kata[kan [bahwa/yang] tindakan yang yang bereputasi baik [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia tidaklah benar-benar suatu tindakan korupsi- walaupun itu bisa melayani untuk mengikis suatu proses kelembagaan [yang] sah- dan oleh karena itu bukan suatu tindakan [dari;ttg] korupsi penyebab mulia. Intuisi ini adalah konsisten dengan rekening/tg-jawab korupsi [kita/kami]. Polisi yang dimasalahkan benar-benar melaksanakan suatu tindakan yang menggangsir suatu proses peradilan pidana sah. Bagaimanapun, tindakan nya tidaklah merusak sebab ia bukanlah suatu koruptor. Ia tidak berniat untuk mengikis proses [itu], ia tidak meramalkan [bahwa/yang] proses 29
Page 1 and 2: FILSAFAT KORUPSI Kata "korupsi" dat
Page 3 and 4: o 2.1 Five Hypotheses Concerning th
Page 5 and 6: justified by recourse to some princ
Page 7 and 8: We can conclude that the various cu
Page 9 and 10: pribadi tidak kelembagaan] Korupsi
Page 11 and 12: er;ubah, [bukan/tidak] hakim, maupu
Page 13 and 14: suatu courtroom [yang] menentukan d
Page 15 and 16: pelatihan dewan pejabat pemberlaku
Page 17 and 18: and compromised in a corrupt and in
Page 19 and 20: corruptor (as we have defined corru
Page 21 and 22: to, a large corporation who steal f
Page 23 and 24: including the moral characters of t
Page 25 and 26: disibukkan dengan suatu tindakan ko
Page 27: penawaran dengan demikian digangsir
Page 31 and 32: yang ia percaya untuk;menjadi [hak/
Page 33 and 34: Abed, George T. and Sanjeev Gupta (
Page 35 and 36: case they would occasionally make e
Page 37 and 38: analogies lead to bad conclusions,
Page 39 and 40: Ini adalah tembolok Google' untuk h
Page 41 and 42: Indicates the frequency of attempts
Page 43 and 44: Population Public officials . Not e
Page 45 and 46: 4. Corruption expectations Populati
Page 47 and 48: . that it is a successful practice
Page 49 and 50: as corruption within international
Page 51 and 52: wrath is seen as directed at our ow
Page 53 and 54: Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright:
Page 55 and 56: studies, for example, Watergate. In
Page 57 and 58: Corruption is widely recognised to
Page 59 and 60: Developing Cultural Criminology: Th
Page 61 and 62: Paradigms of Power & Persuasion, 1-
Page 63 and 64: phenomenon, is it not plausible tha
Page 65 and 66: Definition of Institutional Corrupt
Page 67 and 68: The third and final thesis to be di
Page 69 and 70: A final point about social groups.
Page 71 and 72: espect of the moral weight to be at
Page 73 and 74: institutional actor in this setting
Page 75 and 76: elationship can be overcome or even
Page 77 and 78: Related research VI Page 1 The Role
Page 79 and 80:
esources are embezzled from the sec
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sentiments and when the rule of sys
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Publishing Press, Bucharest 1994 (I
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monitor it) and in a context in whi
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5 capital have received considerabl
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Page 7 7 A first is reputation-base
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trustworthiness. Trustworthy behavi
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trustworthiness. However, B‘s beh
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that children feel as a result of p
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Page 16 16 belief that others are a
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18 may demand payoffs in return for
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Firms pay bribes to obtain certaint
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conflicts of interest have not been
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of social capital (Putnam, 2000). P
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such activities, the government sup
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countries in the region. 32 29 More
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Communist countries (Inglehart and
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113 gov-ernment, and tests the hypo
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115 Page 6 the data, and empiricall
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tion nets the defector a maximum on
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viduals having a direct “trade”
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R 2 − c + K(u + z) + δ 1 − δ
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in internal disputes. 9 These examp
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Indian politicians often intervene
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Propositions 1 and 2 showed how soc
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are members of different networks,
Page 131 and 132:
In India, as we have seen, transfer
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29 7 Empirical Analysis The Data on
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135 theories might explain why soci
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137 edastic-consisten t t-statistic
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139 erage of log of n um b er of co
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There is strikingly little literatu
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Underdevelopment (The dotted lines
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eform and industrial policy. The su
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147 from his position as vice-presi
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no incentive to refrain from corrup
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children‘s schoolteacher, when yo
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international donor organizations p
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19th Century Sweden - how corruptio
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civil servant to receive income fro
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159 The first is that "agents are n
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161 Science Assocition. Rothstein,
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163 gifts and tributes between loca
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165 corrupt acts in society. Global
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167 bring together the media, polit
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Transparency International, Corrupt
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Rutland, Peter and Natasha Kogan. C
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Courts: a Governance-based Approach
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indicators. Yet, it is always possi
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(judges, lawyers, and firms). The S
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same kind of administrative and pro
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at a low expected cost and, therefo
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Impact of Reforms on the Reports of
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0.192 0.00 REAL INCOME -0.810 -0.58
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community-based institutions in Per
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Berikut ini adalah versi HTML dari
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191 2)Even the institutional reform
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UNDERPRIVILEGED IN LATIN AMERICA (U
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20) PATRICK GLYNN , STEPHEN J. KOBR
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connected with a broader sense of f
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trade liberalization; (6) liberaliz
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president the power to enact decree
Page 203 and 204:
that create deprivation face little
Page 205:
The debate about the composition of
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