FILSAFAT KORUPSI - Direktori File UPI

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to each employee (each of the squares of the proportions corresponds to one employee). Finally, we need to consider the growth of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) channels providing firms with a range of choices where they can demand mediation, arbitration, conciliation, and legal advice. This clearly increases the firms' elasticity of demand for court services and therefore, reduces the capacity of the government‟s courts to extract illicit rents (Buscaglia, 1995, p. A13). Along this line, our fifth variable (ADR) measures the number of alternative public and private dispute resolution channels found within the legal jurisdictions and subject matters relevant to the samples of pilot courts and of commercial cases selected. Finally, a sixth variable measures the weighted average of real incomes of judges, law clerks, and court personnel (REAL INCOME) capturing an additional element commonly associated with public sector corruption (i.e. low compensations). In the three graphs below, our dependent variable on the vertical axis measures the percentage change in the average frequencies of perceived corruption (i.e. court-specific annual average percentage change in the frequencies of corruption during the period 1991-99). Each year on the horizontal axis corresponds to a box containing all the observations. The observations in each box measure the average percentage changes in the frequencies of corruption for all pilot courts. The middle line in each box shows the median change (each of the asterisks represent an outlier court). In Argentina, for example, we observe that the median percentage change in the frequency of corruption starts to drop in a significant manner just after the pilot courts are subject to the procedural and organizational reforms mentioned above reaching an unprecedented low level in 1999. As we can see below on Graphs 2 and 3, the same trends occur in Ecuador in Venezuela starting in 1994 right after pilot court reforms are implemented. An Economic and Jurimetric Analysis of Official Corruption in the Courts 14 GRAPH 1 Impact of Reforms on the Reports of Corruption in Argentina 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2 4 6 8 10 12 * * * YEAR AVERAGE CHANGES IN THE FREQUENCY OF CORRUPTION An Economic and Jurimetric Analysis of Official Corruption in the Courts 15 GRAPH 2 182 Page 19 Page 20
Impact of Reforms on the Reports of Corruption in Venezuela 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 -10 -5 0 5 10 YEAR AVERAGE CHANGES IN THE FREQUENCY OF CORRUPTION An Economic and Jurimetric Analysis of Official Corruption in the Courts 16 GRAPH 3 Impact of Reforms on the Reports of Corruption in Ecuador 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 * YEAR AVERAGE CHANGES IN THE FREQUENCY OF CORRUPTION An Economic and Jurimetric Analysis of Official Corruption in the Courts 17 The dependent variable has been statistically adjusted for economic growth and for changes in the number of employees and backlogs. Let us note that the aim of this model is not to explain the absolute level of corruption. Our dependent variable aims at capturing the perceived frequencies of corrupt activities within those courts observed by judges, litigators, and litigant firms. In contrast, the dependent variable is designed to identify significant changes in the behavioral patterns of the perceived frequencies of corruption after the 1993- 95 legal, administrative, and organizational related reforms introduced in the three Latin American judicial systems. 183 Page 21 Page 22
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FILSAFAT KORUPSI Kata "korupsi" dat
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o 2.1 Five Hypotheses Concerning th
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justified by recourse to some princ
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We can conclude that the various cu
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pribadi tidak kelembagaan] Korupsi
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er;ubah, [bukan/tidak] hakim, maupu
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suatu courtroom [yang] menentukan d
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pelatihan dewan pejabat pemberlaku
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and compromised in a corrupt and in
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corruptor (as we have defined corru
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to, a large corporation who steal f
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including the moral characters of t
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disibukkan dengan suatu tindakan ko
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penawaran dengan demikian digangsir
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corruption — although it might se
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yang ia percaya untuk;menjadi [hak/
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Abed, George T. and Sanjeev Gupta (
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case they would occasionally make e
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analogies lead to bad conclusions,
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Ini adalah tembolok Google' untuk h
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Indicates the frequency of attempts
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Population Public officials . Not e
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4. Corruption expectations Populati
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. that it is a successful practice
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as corruption within international
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wrath is seen as directed at our ow
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Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright:
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studies, for example, Watergate. In
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Corruption is widely recognised to
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Developing Cultural Criminology: Th
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Paradigms of Power & Persuasion, 1-
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phenomenon, is it not plausible tha
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Definition of Institutional Corrupt
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The third and final thesis to be di
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A final point about social groups.
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espect of the moral weight to be at
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institutional actor in this setting
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elationship can be overcome or even
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Related research VI Page 1 The Role
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esources are embezzled from the sec
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sentiments and when the rule of sys
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Publishing Press, Bucharest 1994 (I
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monitor it) and in a context in whi
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5 capital have received considerabl
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Page 7 7 A first is reputation-base
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trustworthiness. Trustworthy behavi
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trustworthiness. However, B‘s beh
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that children feel as a result of p
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Page 16 16 belief that others are a
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18 may demand payoffs in return for
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Firms pay bribes to obtain certaint
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conflicts of interest have not been
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of social capital (Putnam, 2000). P
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such activities, the government sup
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countries in the region. 32 29 More
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Communist countries (Inglehart and
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113 gov-ernment, and tests the hypo
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115 Page 6 the data, and empiricall
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tion nets the defector a maximum on
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viduals having a direct “trade”
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R 2 − c + K(u + z) + δ 1 − δ
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in internal disputes. 9 These examp
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Indian politicians often intervene
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Propositions 1 and 2 showed how soc
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are members of different networks,
Page 131 and 132: In India, as we have seen, transfer
Page 133 and 134: 29 7 Empirical Analysis The Data on
Page 135 and 136: 135 theories might explain why soci
Page 137 and 138: 137 edastic-consisten t t-statistic
Page 139 and 140: 139 erage of log of n um b er of co
Page 141 and 142: There is strikingly little literatu
Page 143 and 144: Underdevelopment (The dotted lines
Page 145 and 146: eform and industrial policy. The su
Page 147 and 148: 147 from his position as vice-presi
Page 149 and 150: no incentive to refrain from corrup
Page 151 and 152: children‘s schoolteacher, when yo
Page 153 and 154: international donor organizations p
Page 155 and 156: 19th Century Sweden - how corruptio
Page 157 and 158: civil servant to receive income fro
Page 159 and 160: 159 The first is that "agents are n
Page 161 and 162: 161 Science Assocition. Rothstein,
Page 163 and 164: 163 gifts and tributes between loca
Page 165 and 166: 165 corrupt acts in society. Global
Page 167 and 168: 167 bring together the media, polit
Page 169 and 170: Transparency International, Corrupt
Page 171 and 172: Rutland, Peter and Natasha Kogan. C
Page 173 and 174: Courts: a Governance-based Approach
Page 175 and 176: indicators. Yet, it is always possi
Page 177 and 178: (judges, lawyers, and firms). The S
Page 179 and 180: same kind of administrative and pro
Page 181: at a low expected cost and, therefo
Page 185 and 186: 0.192 0.00 REAL INCOME -0.810 -0.58
Page 187 and 188: community-based institutions in Per
Page 189 and 190: Berikut ini adalah versi HTML dari
Page 191 and 192: 191 2)Even the institutional reform
Page 193 and 194: UNDERPRIVILEGED IN LATIN AMERICA (U
Page 195 and 196: 20) PATRICK GLYNN , STEPHEN J. KOBR
Page 197 and 198: connected with a broader sense of f
Page 199 and 200: trade liberalization; (6) liberaliz
Page 201 and 202: president the power to enact decree
Page 203 and 204: that create deprivation face little
Page 205: The debate about the composition of
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