FILSAFAT KORUPSI - Direktori File UPI

trustworthiness. However, B‘s behavior may be influenced by reactions of those on the other side
of the transaction and by the costs of monitoring and control.
3) Reciprocal trust: Trustworthy behavior is influenced by the degree of trust and
trustworthiness expressed by others. The relevant others may be (i) the people one deals with
directly who are on the other side of the transaction, or (ii) others similarly situated such as other
firms in the same industry, fellow public officials, or other applicants for scarce public services.
The second dimension involves the process by which trust is generated either through
repeated interactions or through psychological or moral attitudes. I have isolated five broad
categories, but they are not mutually exclusive. Several can co-exist at once. Then it will be
important to determine which reinforce each other and which operate at cross purposes. These
categories interact with the interpersonal alternatives above although some appear to be more
closely associated with one than with another. The five categories are as follows.
a) Encapsulated interest: Trustworthy behavior that develops over time as a part of
people‘s efforts to develop a reputation for reliability. Of course, such a reputation must be
15
Some of these models are summarized in Rose-Ackerman (1999: 107-108, 124-125).
Page 12
12
valuable so that the interest of customers or citizens in reliability influences the decision to supply it.
This can produce one-sided trust when a feedback loop operates that is tied to the actor‘s narrow
self-interest. Alternatively, in the two-sided case, interest-based trust can develop in which actors
have an instrumental incentive to act in a trustworthy manner to further other goals. These other
goals might be economic, political, or moral but are distinct from trustworthiness per se. An
important empirical issue is whether trust developed out of encapsulated interest can produce
generalized trust in others.
b) Expert-based: Trust in experts who make predictions or provide services based on
science or other forms of professional expertise. This will be mostly one-sided trust in which
ordinary people trust experts, but the experts, in turn, have no interest in the trustworthiness of
ordinary people.
c) Rule-based: An organization is trusted because it promises not to deviate from clearlystated
procedures that treat people neutrally. This is one-sided trust in an institution, but if that
institution is the state, its trustworthy reputation can make people more willing to trust anonymous
others.
d) Affect-based: Trustworthy behavior is encouraged by love and friendship. This could
involve a one-sided relationship, or it could be influenced by the vulnerability and trust of those who
depend on you because of ties of kinship and affection. In other words, the other person need not be
trustworthy, but his or her trust in you influences your behavior.
e) Morality-based: Beliefs in the trustworthiness of others are reinforced by interactions with
others who have moral commitments to act in a trustworthy way, and vis versa if others are
untrustworthy and dishonest. Moral behavior may be motivated by the impact on third parties not
part of the transaction. Generalized trust may be the result of interactions over time with others who
believe that trust is morally right.
This way of organizing the concept of trust can help one isolate tradeoffs, conflicts, and
complementarities between alternative types of trust and trustworthiness that can be expected to
arise as the state-building process proceeds in Central and Eastern Europe. The most obvious
tension is between reciprocal trust and one-sided trust in the fairness of public institutions and
markets. Interpersonal trust based on empathy and a sense of duty toward family and friends is quite
different from trust in the fairness and neutrality of officials and institutions that govern modern
complex societies.
16
In complex societies, one-sided trust based on reliable predictions is especially important.
Unfortunately, reciprocal trust based on personal connections may operate at cross-purposes to
trust as reliability. Organizational designers and legal reformers frequently seek to create systems
that operate fairly and without favoritism. This goal can come in conflict with reciprocal, affect-
93