FILSAFAT KORUPSI - Direktori File UPI

(1) x has an effect, Ep, of undermining, or contributing to the undermining of, some
institutional process and/or purpose of some institution, I, and/or an effect, Ec, of
contributing to the despoiling of the moral character of some role occupant of I,
agent B, qua role occupant of I;
(2) At least one of (a) or (b) is true:
(a) A is a role occupant of I, and in performing x, A intended or foresaw that Ep and/or
Ec, or A should have foreseen that Ep and/or Ec (A is a corruptor);
(b) There is a role occupant of I, agent B, and B could have avoided Ec, if B had chosen
to do so (B is a corrupted).
Condition (1) expresses thesis two, the Causal Character of Corruption. Condition (2)
expresses thesis two, the Personal Character of Corruption. Thesis three is expressed in
that part of (2)(a) and of (2)(b) that restricts A and B to institutional role occupants.
Let us now turn to the specific phenomenon of trans-cultural corruption. We begin with
an account of trans-cultural interaction.
Trans-cultural Corruption
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Trans-cultural Interaction
I will stipulate that trans-cultural interaction is interaction between members of different
social groups. So what is a social group? (Inevitably, I am offering somewhat
stipulative, and very rough, characterisations of social groups etc.)
A social group consists in a set of individual persons who are (at least) the current
participants in some common structure(s) of conventions (including at least a structure
of linguistic conventions). Conventions are essentially facilitative and instrumental
social forms, whereas social norms embody the moral principles and values of a social
group. This is why social groups by definition also involve a common structure of
social norms.
Such a structure of social norms is necessarily embedded in the fundamental institutions
of the social group in question (Miller, 2001 Chapter 6) Hence, there is a further
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An earlier version of this material appeared in Miller et al. Corruption and Anti-Corruption (2005,
Chapter 5)
68
Page 8
Paper given at the international conference, Civil Society, Religion & Global Governance:
Paradigms of Power & Persuasion, 1–2 September 2005, Canberra Australia
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condition for being a social group, viz. a common structure of fundamental institutions,
including at least linguistic, kinship, legal (or quasi-legal) and economic ones.
Most English and German people speak English and therefore share a structure of
conventions viz. the conventions of the English language. They also share a common
structure of social norms, including those embodied in the criminal laws of both
countries. Further, they share a similar set of structures of fundamental institutions,
including those of the modern nuclear family, capitalism, and the liberal democratic
state. But the Germans and the English do not constitute a single social group. One
reason for this is the lack of a common inter-generational history. The history of the
English certainly intersects with that of the Germans, but they are nevertheless
relatively distinct. Let us then add the following condition for being a social group: a
common stretch of inter-generational history.