10. Appendix
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684 <strong>Appendix</strong> C<br />
17 -3<br />
Hall Concentration (10 cm )<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
T=100K<br />
T=70K<br />
0<br />
0 0.5 1.0 1.5<br />
Pressure (GPa)<br />
Fig. A4.7 Plots of the Hall carrier concentration<br />
in GaAs co-doped with Ge and Te<br />
measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure<br />
at T 77 and 100 K. The open<br />
symbols are the experimental points. The<br />
solid lines are theoretical fits based on a -U<br />
model. Reproduced from Baj et al. [Baj93].<br />
Many other experiments [Mooney88,90; Calleja90, Wolk92, Zeman95] have<br />
helped to firmly establish the properties of the DX center to the point that<br />
it is one of the best understood deep centers in semiconductors.<br />
References for A4.1<br />
[Baraff80] G. A. Baraff, E. O. Kane and M. Schlüter: Theory of the silicon vacancy: an<br />
Anderson negative-U system. Phys. Rev. B21, 5662–5686 (1980).<br />
[Baj93] M. Baj, L. H. Dmowski and T. Stupinski: Direct Proof of two-electron occupation<br />
of Ge-DX centers in GaAs codoped with Ge and Te. Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3529–3532<br />
(1993).<br />
[Bourgoin89] J. C. Bourgoin, Solid State Phenomena, 10, 253 (1989).<br />
[Calleja90] E. Calleja, F. Garcia, A. Gomez, E. Munoz, P. M. Mooney, T. N. Morgan and<br />
S. L. Wright: Effects of the local environment on the properties of DX centers in Sidoped<br />
GaAs and dilute AlxGa1xAs alloys. Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 934–936 (1990).<br />
[Chadi89] D. J. Chadi, and K. J. Chang: Theory of the atomic and electronic structure of<br />
DX centers in GaAs and AlxGa1xAs alloys. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 873–876 (1988); and<br />
Energetics of DX-center formation in GaAs and AlxGa1xAs alloys. Phys. Rev. B39,<br />
10063–10074 (1989).<br />
[Chand84] N. Chand, T. Henderson, J. Klem, W. T. Masselink, R. Fischer, Y.-C. Chang and<br />
H. Morkoç: Comprenhensive analysis of Si-doped AlxGa1xAs (x 0 to 1): Theory and<br />
Experiment. Phys. Rev. B30, 4481 (1984).<br />
[Dabrowski92] For a discussion on the theory of the do state see, for example, J.<br />
Dabrowski and M. Scheffler, in Defects in Semiconductors 16, Materials Science Forum,<br />
83–87 (Trans Tech Publ., Switzerland, 1992) p. 735.<br />
[Henning87] J. C. M. Henning and J. P. M. Ansems: A new model of deep donor centres<br />
in AlxGa1xAs. Semicond. Sci. Tech. 2, 1–13 (1987).<br />
[Hjalmarson86] H. P. Hjalmarson and T. J. Drummond: Deep donor model for the persistent<br />
photoconductivity effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 656–658 (1986).<br />
[Khachaturyan89] K. Khachaturyan, E. R. Weber and M. Kaminska: Two electron D-state<br />
of DX-centers. Defects in Semiconductors, 15 (Trans. Tech., Switzerland, 1989), p. 1067–<br />
1071.