10. Appendix

Appendix D:
Recent Developments and References
Chapter 1
Many new techniques for growing semiconductors have been developed recently
in response to interests in nanostructures of semiconductors and their
alloys. The following list contains some of these techniques and appropriate
references.
The Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Method
This is a very popular method for growing one-dimensional structures known
as nanorods or nanowires. It is one of a few techniques that can grow a large
array of nanorods and also nanorods which contain a core different from an
outer shell (core-shell nanowires). This technique usually requires a liquified
metal, such as Au, as a “catalyst”. However, it has also been found that, without
a “catalyst”, tapered nanocrystals known as nanoneedles can be grown.
R. S. Wagner and W. C. Ellis: Vapor-Liquid-Solid Mechanism Of Single Crystal
Growth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 89–91 (1964).
L. J. Lauhon, M. S. Gudiksen, D. Wang and C. M. Lieber: Epitaxial core-shell
and core-multishell nanowire heterostructures. Nature, 420, 57–61 (2002).
C. W. Blackledge, J. M. Szarko, A. Dupont, G. H. Chan, E. L. Read, S. R.
Leone: Zinc oxide nanorod growth on gold islands prepared by microsphere
lithography on silicon and quartz. J. of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7,
3336–3339 (2007).
M. J. Tambe, S. K. Lim, M. J. Smith, L. F. Allard and S. Gradecak: Realization
of defect-free epitaxial core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire heterostructures.
Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 151917–151919, (2008).
K. Tateno, G. Zhang and H. Nakano: InP nanostructures formed in GaPbased
nanowires grown on Si(111) substrates. J. Crystal Growth, 310, 2966–9
(2008).
M. Moewe, L. C. Chuang, S. Crankshaw, C. Chase, and C. Chang-Hasnain:
Atomically sharp catalyst-free wurtzite GaAs/AlGaAs nanoneedles grown
on silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 023116–023118 (2008).