10. Appendix

Chapter 9 713
Z. J. Zhao, F. Liu, L. M. Qiu, L. Z. Zhao, S. K. Yan: Core Level Binding Energy
Shifts Caused by Size Effect in Nanoparticles. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica
24, 1685–1688 (2008).
Graphite and Graphene
Recently it has been shown that by sticking adhesive tape on a graphite surface,it
is possible to peel off isolated single hexagonal layers of carbon, the socalled
graphene sheets. These are ideal two-dimensional samples. Their symmetry
(with two atoms per two-dimensional primitive cell), demands degeneracy
at the Fermi energy at the K-points of the two-dimensional Brillouin
zone. The perfect single graphene layer can be called a semi-metal or a zerogap
semiconductor. This fact has received considerable attention in the past
5 years. A k · p expansion of the valence and conduction bands around this
point results in Dirac-like particles of zero effective mass (see Problem 2.19).
The interested reader should consult the following references in addition to
those in Chapt. 1&9:
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V.
Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, A. A. Firsov: Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless
Dirac Fermions in Graphene. Nature 438, 197–200 (2005).
A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov: The Rise of Graphene. Nature Materials. 6,
183–191 (2007).
Chapter 9
This chapter deals with the effect of confinement of electrons and phonons in
semiconductors. At the time of first publication of this book the best way of
demonstrating these confinement effects was to fabricate a nanometer thick
layer of semiconductor, making a so called quantum well. Since then the
field of creating nanometer scale semiconductor structures has “exploded”
concomitantly with world-wide interest in nano-science and -technology. New
terms like nanowires, quantum wires and quantum dots have appeared. We
have tried to cover some of these new developments in subsequent editions. In
the present edition we try to add new references to recent work in the area of
nanostructured semiconductors relevant to the topics covered in various chapters.
Due to the large number of publications which have appeared we find it
necessary to limit ourselves to only a small number of selected papers.
Confinement of electrons and holes in Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots
Al. L. Efros, A. L. Efros: Interband absorption of light in a semiconductor
sphere. Sov. Phys. Semicond. 16, 772–776 (1982).
K. I. Kang, B. P. McGinnis, Sandalphon, Y. Z. Hu, S. W. Koch, N. Peyghambarian,
A. Mysyrowicz, L. C. Liu, S. H. Risbud: Confinement-induced valenceband
mixing in CdS quantum dots observed by two-photon spectroscopy.
Phys. Rev. B45, 3465–3468 (1992).