11. Competition Management by Sport 358 11.24 Baseball Baseball was first staged as a demonstration sport in the 3rd Olympic Games at St. Louis in 1904, and since then had been on the Olympic schedule as a demonstration sport eight times. It has been customary that a demonstration sport eventually becomes an official sport in due course. Baseball, however, has remained a demonstration sport because it is largely confined to the North American region. After deciding to stage baseball competition at the Seoul Olympic Games as a demonstration sport, the IOC Session resolved to introduce baseball as an official sport beginning with the 25th Barcelona Games in 1992. In Seoul, the baseball competitions were held for 10 days from September 19 to 28, with the participation of 160 athletes and 32 officials from eight countries. The competitions were staged at the Chamshil Baseball Stadium in the Seoul Sports Complex. The United States won the competition, Japan placed second, and Puerto Rico third. Korea finished fourth. 11.24.1 Competition —————————————– Preparations Among the international federations which failed to get their respective sports included as official sports in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, four federations — baseball, badminton, bowling and softball — asked the SLOOC to stage their sports as demonstration sports. At the 90th session of the IOC held in June 1985, the SLOOC obtained IOC approval of its request for holding taekwondo and baseball as demonstration sports, and women's judo as a demonstration event. In its 91st session in October 1986, the IOC decided to adopt baseball and badminton as official sports beginning with the 25th Barcelona Games in 1992. The SLOOC in June 1986 notified the International Baseball Association of the IOC approval of baseball as a demonstration sport for the 1988 Olympics. The SLOOC then embarked on working consultations with the IBA on staging the baseball competitions. The SLOOC appointed a baseball officer in its Sports Operation Department II. In order to collect data on the operation of baseball competition, and to look into the operations of international competitions, the SLOOC sent research teams to the 14th Asia Baseball Championship held in Tokyo in August 1987, the Continental Cup International Baseball Championship held in Havana, Cuba in October 1987, and the IBA Executive Board meeting held in Montreal, Canada in March 1988. The Baseball Operations was organized in March 1988, with the leadership lineup including Choi In-chol, president of the Korea Baseball Association, as commissioner, Koh Ik-dong, KBA senior executive director, as secretary-general, and Lee Yong-sun, baseball officer of the SLOOC, as director. Beginning in April, the Baseball Operations, conducted job education, field adaptation training and rehearsals. The staffing of the operations consisting of five managers and 20 officers, also included seven staff members of the SLOOC, 246 support personnel, 409 volunteers, and two temporary employees. In addition, 20 contract personnel assisted in the conduct of the competitions. The IBA was represented by its president, secretary-general and two technical delegates. A seven-member technical committee supervised the competitions; two Koreans were included in the committee. The sixteen referees included seven Koreans. The competitions were held at the Chamshil Baseball Stadium situated in the Seoul Sports Complex; the ballpark, measuring 59,500 square meters, has a seating capacity of 50,000. The Sangmu Baseball Training Field of the military Sangmu Sports Unit in Songnam city, and the Korea Agricultural Cooperative Ballpark in Koyanggun were available for training. The SLOOC offered competitive bidding to secure the required balls; three local and one foreign manufacturers responded to the bidding. The SLOOC chose the Skyline ball manufactured by the Dong-A Sports Co. of Korea as the official ball for the competitions. Dong-A Sports supplied 400 balls under the Olympic marketing arrangement. Almost all of the required equipment and implements, including home plates, pitcher plates and bases, were secured from local manufacturers. 11.24.2 —————————————– Conduct of the Competitions The IBA limited the number of baseball teams for the Seoul Olympic Games to eight, and set forth the following method to select the eight teams: (1) Host country (Republic of Korea) (2) Winner of the Los Angeles Games demonstration competition (Japan) (3) Winner of the 1986 World Baseball Championship (Cuba) (4) Winner of the 1987 Asia Baseball Championship (exclusive of Korea and Japan) (5) Winner of the 1987 European Baseball Championship (6), (7) Winner and runner-up of the 1987 America Open (8) Winner of a competition between the runner-up of the 1987 European Baseball Championship and the third place country of the 1987 America Open. When any teams already qualified to compete in the Olympics obtained berths again, they were required to pass the berths to the teams ranked next. Accordingly, Korea as host, Japan as the winner of the 1984 Los Angeles Games baseball competition, and Cuba as winner of the World Baseball Championship, were to cede additional berths to the next-placed teams, even if they had won their continental preliminaries. In the Asia Baseball Championship, Chinese-Taipei was awarded a berth to the Seoul Games, since Korea and Japan had already secured berths. The Netherlands won the European championship to qualify for participation in Seoul. Cuba won the America Open, but berths to the Seoul competition went to the second-placed U.S.A. and third-placed Puerto Rico, since Cuba had already been qualified to take part in the Seoul competition. Accordingly, the contest between the runner-up of the European championship and the third place team of the America Open became a match between the European runner-up and the fourth place team of the America Open; the fourth place Canada defeated Italy, the European runnerup, to obtain a berth in the Olympic competition in Seoul. Among the eight countries qualified for participation in Seoul, Cuba stayed away, and the IBA selected Australia to take part in the Seoul Olympics in its stead. The final list of the participating countries included the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chinese-Taipei, the U.S.A., Puerto. Rico, Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia. By continent, North America had three teams, Asia three, Europe one and Oceania one; no teams came from Africa, South America or the East bloc. The eight teams were divided into a White Division and Blue Division for preliminaries; the first two teams in each division made up the four teams for a cross-over tournament to decide the winning team and runners-up. The preliminary groups of the eight teams were as follows: White Division: Republic of Korea, the U.S.A., Canada and Australia Blue Division: Chinese-Taipei, Japan, Puerto Rico and the Netherlands. The IBA set the authorized number of team members to four officials and 20 players. In the preliminary league, Japan placed first in the Blue Division with three wins, followed by Puerto Rico with two wins and one loss. In the White Division, the United States and Korea each recorded two wins and one loss, but the U.S.A. placed first and Korea second according to the rule giving priority to the winner of the game between teams tied in the standings.
The semifinal pairings put Korea against Japan, and the U.S.A. against Puerto Rico; The U.S.A. and Japan respectively won the semifinals to face off in the final. The U.S.A. defeated Japan, 5:3, to capture the gold. Korea, which lost to Japan in the semifinal, 3:1, played Puerto Rico for third and fourth place; Korea was beaten, 7:0. Japan took home the silver and Puerto Rico the bronze. Jim Abbot, pitcher on the American team, showed brilliant form, capturing the attention of the world; he was instrumental in the U.S. victory against Japan in the final. The ballpark attracted a total of 64,970 spectators during eight days of action. 96 97 95 95. Baseball was played as a demonstration sport at Chamshil Baseball Stadium; eight countries fielded teams. 96. Competition support personnel level the playing surface around home plate. 97. The baseball final matched Japan and the United States; the U.S. prevailed.
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