The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 153-161, 2010
DISCUSSION
Studies of Caprine anaplasmosis in Iraq are
very scare and little information had been
provided. This preliminary study was done for
the first time in Duhok area, North Iraq from
April to September, 2009. Accordingly, the
objective of this study was determine the
prevalence of Caprine anaplasmosis (A. ovis ).
For the detection of A. ovis infection, two
methods were used. The first one was based on
microscopical examination of Giemsa stained
blood smear, and the second technique cELISA,
was used for detection of antibodies in sera of
the investigated animals.
Microscopic examination of the Giemsa
stained thin blood smears is still the most
reliable and cost effective method of confirming
a clinical diagnosis of anaplasmosis (De Waal,
2000). The diagnosis of tick borne diseases such
as babesiosis, theleriosis and anaplasmosis still
depends on observing the parasities in the
infected erythrocytes when the parasitemia rates
are indicative. Although the parasite detection
can be easily applied in the field, the sensitivity
of the method and its failure to detect
anaplasmosis, if the number of parasite in the
peripheral blood is too low, illustrate the
limitation of parasitological diagnosis by Giemsa
stained blood smears (Soulsby, 1986).
In the present study, the prevalence of A. ovis
by Giemsa stained blood smears was high
revealed that 257(55.86%) in compared with
other studies was done in Iraq. Alsaad et al.
(2009) found the prevalence of A. ovis in goats
in Mousl province in Iraq revealed that (24.74%)
were infected with A. ovis. Al-Amerey and
Hasso. (2002) reported that the prevalence of A.
ovis in goats in Baghdad was 32.19%.While in
other countries like Jordan, the prevalence of A.
ovis by thin blood films was 8.6% in sheep and
goats (Sherkov et al., 1976). Razmi et al. (2006)
revealed that the rate 80.3% of sheep and
38.92% of goats in Iran were infected with A.
ovis by Giemsa stained blood smears. Talat et al.
(2005) revealed that the incidence of A. ovis in
sheep and goats in Pakistan was 13.2% and
9.59% respectively and Hur et al. (1995) showed
that the infection rate of grazing and nongrazing
goats with Anaplasma spp. in Korean was 71.7
and 8.5 %, respectively. Park et al., (1997) found
that the infection rate of A. ovis in Korean goats
by Giemsa stained blood smears and
complement fixation test (CFT) was 20.1% and
75.2% respectively, these variation in the rates
might be related to distribution of population of
the vectors as ticks and others like flies and
mosquitoes.
Microscopical examination revealed that
presence of A. ovis in many erythrocytes with
parasitemia ranged from 2.8- 12.2% with the
mean value 7.16 ± 2.98 %, and the appearance of
anaplasma inclusion bodies in the erythrocyte as
spherical granule with variable from single to
double dote like structure. These shapes are
similar to those described by Soulsby (1986).
Razmi et al. (2006) found that the ranges of
anaplasmatemia in the infected cattle, sheep and
goats were 0.005-0.5%, 0.01-3% and 0.01-3%,
respectively. Lu et al. (1997) revealed that the
peak of parasitemia of erythrocytes in goats in
China was 18-55.3%. Barry and Van Niekerk
(1990) mentioned that showed that the mean
parasitemia reached a peak of 5% to 6%, in boar
goats with a maximum of 12% in two cases in
South Africa. This variability in the parasitemia
might to be due to variety of infection as acute
or chronic and difference in strain of the agent
and immune status of the host.
The prevalence rate of Anaplasma ovis
related to age groups and sex of goats was
studied. There was statistically difference in rate
of prevalence between the sex and age groups
(p 0.05); a high rate was found in age group
above 3 years in comparison to other age groups.
The younger animals less susceptible to
infection than aged animals this might be due to
passive immunization from dame to the kids via
colostrums. The rate highly prevalently in
females than males this might be due to the
female animals kept involves in flocks more than
male. This event was in agreement with
Friedhoff (1997) and Lestoquard (1924), they
found factors of age, sex, and breed influenced
the incidence of anaplasma infection and the
symptoms of the disease depended on age, the
general condition of the animals and their breed
(Shompole et al., 1989).
Results agree with Alsaad (1990) reported
that in Mosul province in Iraq the prevalence
rate of A. marginale in cattle related to age,
cattle from more than one year to four years old
and those more than four years old were highly
affected and represented the acute form of the
disease with an infection rate of (60%, 22.5%)
respectively, while cattle from 6-month to one
year old were mildly affected and represented
the mild form with an infection rate of 17.5%.
Razmi et al. (2006) found that the prevalence
of anaplasmosis was not statistically significant
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