The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 90-93, 2010 09 THE ECONOMIES OF GOATS AND MERIZ KIDS MANAGED UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING SYSTEMS KAMAL NOMAN DOSKY and REZGAR MOSTAFA MOHAMMED Dept. of Animal Production ,College of Agriculture, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq (Received: April 28, 2010; Accepted for publication: August 1, 2010) ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the economic benefit of kids of goat and Meriz managed under different feeding systems by using partial budget analysis. Twelve weaned kids from each of Meriz and native goat were divided into three different feeding systems (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) for 90 days at the animal farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Duhok. A higher return ID (4759.22 and 5884 ) with marginal return (80.2%) and (58.8%) was achieved by Meriz and goat raised under semi-intensive systems compared with those managed under both intensive and pasture systems. The results revealed that goat raised under intensive system create losses compared with those raised either semiintensively or on pasture. Also, the present results indicate that Meriz raised intensively and semi-intensively significantly gained more weight than those raised extensively. However, the differences in gain in weight were not significant among different systems in goats. KEY WORDS: feeding system, Meriz, goat, partial budget analysis. G INTRODUCTION oats are well adapted to the environmental and limited feed and utilize marginal land to produce high protein products (Kadim et al. 2003). The local goats with a population of 1.6 million head (FAO, 2000) are important livestock species in Iraq; they can play important role for the provision of meat and milk, particularly under the agricultural systems prevailing in the country (Alkass and Juma, 2005). Since no information is available on the effect of different production system and breed of goat on the feasibility of rearing the animal, therefore this work was conducted to investigate the economic benefit of goats and Meriz managed under different feeding systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve weaned kids (three months old) from each of Meriz and native Goat with an average initial weight 11.7±0.47 and 12.10±0.37 kg, respectively managed under three feeding system (intensive, semi intensive and pasture) were used in this study. Kids from each breed of first group were kept in individual boxes and had ad libitum access to concentrate (ingredients composition Barley 53%, Wheat bran 25%, Soybean meal 15%, Wheat straw 6%, Salts 0.5%, Limestone 0.5% and Vitamins 0.5% ) and contained 16% crude protein. Drinking water was supplied ad libitum during the experiment of 90 days. Kids of the second group (semi intensive) was left at the pasture for the first 45 days of the experiment and then moved to the farm to be fed a concentrate mixture ad libitum for the rest of the experiment. The third group of kids was freely grazed at pasture. All kids were weighed biweekly after being fasted for 12hrs. Partial budget analysis was used to evaluate the economic advantage of different feeding system. Partial budgeting is a planning and decision-making framework used to compare the costs and benefits of alternatives faced by a farm business. It focuses only on the changes in income and expenses that would result from implementing a specific alternative. Thus, all aspects of farm profits that are unchanged by the decision can be safely ignored (Sarah and Jeffery, 2002). Partial budgeting measures profits (or losses) which are the net benefits or difference between gains and losses for the proposed change. Gains include added returns and reduced costs, losses include added costs and reduced returns. The method entails calculating net return (NR), i.e. the amount of money left when total variable costs (TVC) are subtracted from total returns (TR): NR = TR – TVC Total variable costs include the costs of all inputs that change due to the change in
J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 90-93, 2010 production technology. The most important criterion in deciding whether or not to adopt a new technology is the change in net return (ΔNR). This amount is the difference between the change in total returns (TR) and the change in total variable costs (ΔTVC): ΔNR = ΔTR – ΔTVC Assuming that capital is not a constraint, the technology with the highest ΔNR is chosen. However, new technologies normally require investment, therefore additional capital is necessary. When capital is limited, the extra (or marginal) costs should be compared with the extra (or marginal) net benefits. The marginal rate of return (MRR) measures the increase in net return (ΔNR) associated with each additional unit of expenditure (ΔTVC): MRR = ΔNR / ΔTVC The MRR measures the effect of additional investment in a new technology on additional net returns (CIMMYT, 1988). Particulars RESULTS AND DISCUSION According to partial budget, it seems from results presented in table (1) that Meriz and goat raised semi-intensively is more profitable compared to those raised either intensively or extensively. Hence, the net return was amounted to ID (4759.22) and (5884) with marginal return of ID (80.2%) and (58.8%) for Meriz and goat respectively. This means that for each ID (1.00) invested in this system of feeding, the farmer can expect to recover the cost ID (1.00) and gain additional ID (0.80) and (0.58) for Meriz and goat respectively. From the data obtained in this study, it was clear that grazing Meriz and goat kids at the pasture after weaning for (45) days then moving them to the farm to be fed for next (45) days concentrate mixture is potentially more profitable than either grazing without supplementation or access feeding concentrate with no grazing. Similar economic trend was obtained by Bhatt et al (1991) and Legesse et al (2005) for black Bengal X Beetal half breed kids and Somali goats respectively managed under three feeding systems. Therefore, it can be conclude that both goat and Meriz kids utilize well the good pasture for (45) days, as well as the concentrate during the second (45) days, and this result in reducing the cost. Table (1): Partial budget analysis for goat & Meriz under different feeding system (ID per each one). Feeding systems Intensive Semi-intensive Extensive Goat Meriz Goat Meriz Goat Meriz Gross returns 46875 57000 42375 43065 27600 23025 Feed costs Barley 7321.875 9088.25 3710.625 4196.75 - - Wheat bran 10416.75 2572 196 1188 - - Soybean meal 3453.75 4287.125 1750.25 1979.625 - - Hay 207.25 257.25 105 118.75 - - Salt 230.125 286.25 116.625 131.25 - - Limestone 230.125 286.25 116.625 131.25 - - Vitamins 978.375 1213.5 495.875 559.75 - - Pasture - - 4687.5 4687.5 14062.5 14062.5 Labor 37500 37500 25312.5 25312.5 13125 13125 Total variable costs 60338.25 55490.63 36491 38305.78 27187.5 27187.5 Net return -13463.25 1509.37 5884 4759.22 412.5 -4162.5 NROC -13875.75 5671.87 5471.5 8921.72 - - MRR -41.9 20 58.8 80.2 - - 09
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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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