The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 36-48, 2010 (10-20ppm NAA) increased fruit yield due to the more fruit retention and increased the size of fruit, and also the increase in fruit weight which might be due to hormone mediation, direct transport and accumulation of photosynthesis in the fruit, which resulted in better development of the fruit. The results are in agreement with those of (Antonio and Bettio, 2003; Ruth et al., 2006 and Stern et al., 2007). For the effect of potassium on yield properties, it was noticed from the obtained results that potassium level increased significantly tree yield, fruit fresh weight, pulp weight, fruit size. The reason of this might be interpreted that plants during flowering and fruit setting stages were in critical demand of their physiological activation which required a high amount of potassium to perform the biological processes, which helps increasing fruit weight, size, flesh weight, pulps weight, number of fruits per tree and total yield. (Awsthi et al., 1998) showed that fruit yield and fruit weight of peach fruits increased with increasing rate of application up to 700 g K/tree, due to the role of potassium influencing meristematic growth, photosynthesis and activates a number of enzymes, including those involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates, and is also involved in the neutralization of organic acids and the promotion of normal cell division and growth. These results are in parallel with (Chatzitheodorou et al., 2004; Taylor, 2005; Ruiz, 2006 and Mimoun et al., 2008). Also, Khan et al., (2000) concluded that the highest fruit set was recorded in Red haven peach trees fertilized with 1 kg N and 1.2 kg each of P and K. as a result of increasing chlorophyll content in leaf as increasing potassium level in leaf which leads to increase carbohydrate synthesis in the leaf. Therefore potassium enhances fruit quantity and quality and increases yields. Also the table clearly shows that potassium significantly increased fruit carbohydrate, juice, TSS and carbohydrate content, the explanation of this might be due to the role of potassium in stimulation of enzyme responsible for carbohydrate synthesis and energy production. The reason behind high juice percentage in fruit might be due to the role of potassium in increasing total sugar and TSS in fruit juice and activation of cell division, growth and its expansion also help mobilization of carbohydrate between parts of the plant (Tucker, 1999). Whereas the total acidity was at 03 higher ratio in the control treatment which might be due to the role of potassium in increasing carbohydrate concentration which leads to decrease acidity percentage (table 6). They are also in confirm with the results of (Tagliavini and Marangoni , 2002 and Mimoun et al., 2008). The obtained results revealed that iron application also significantly improved yield component. (Gobara, 1998) Demonstrated that the beneficial effect of iron on improving the nutritional status of the trees in synthesis of various organic compounds and activating both cell division and enlargement which surly reflected in improving the yield. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism like other elements, it functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions. Iron is a transition metal, as it exists in more than one oxidation state. Large portion of iron is found to be associated with porphyries in the form of cytochromes, which are necessary for the electron transport system in mitochondria as well as chloroplasts. Iron is the main component of ferredoxin which is indispensable for the light reaction of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation (Awad and Atawia, 1995A and Awad et al., 2000B). Iron is involved as an active factor in the structure of catalase, peroxidase, oxidase and cytochrome enzymes which facilitate the activation performance of many physiological processes in plant cell. Similar results were recorded in improved yield component by ( Mukherji and Ghosh, 2005). Also similar results are found in spraying trees with Fe gave significantly increase carbohydrate concentration, TSS, fruit sugar, juice (Álvarez-Fernández et al.,2003 and Al-Aareji,2004). REFERENCES - Abadía, J. A.; Álvarez-Fernández ; F. Morales ; M. Sanz and A. Abadía (2002). Correction of iron chlorosis by foliar sprays. Acta Hortic. 594, 115- 121. - Acquaah. G. (2005). Horticulture Principles and Practices. 3 rd edition. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jercy. - AI-Aareji, J. M. A. (2004). Effect of foliar spray with iron and manganese on quality and quantity of pear fruit cvs. Le-Conte. Iraqi. J. Agric. Sci.5(2):14-20. - Al-Rawi, K. M. and A. Khalafalla. (1980). Analysis of Experimental Agriculture Disgen. Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing. Mosul Univ. (In Arabic)
J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 36-48, 2010 - Álvarez-Fernández, A.; P. Paniagua; J. Abadía and A. Abadía. (2003 ). Effects of Fe deficiency chlorosis on yield and fruit quality in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 5738-5744. - Al-Zubaidi, A. H. (1989). Soil salinity, thetirocal and practical principles. Beat Al-Hekma. Baghdad Univ. (In Arabic) - Agusti, M.; S. Zaragoza; D. J. Iglesias; V. Almela; E. P. Millo and M. Talon. (2002).The synthetic auxin 3,5,6-TPA stimulates carbohydrate accumulation and growth in citrus fruit. Plant Growth Regul. 36: 141–147. - Annual Abstract of Statistics. (2007). Central Statistical organization. Ministry of Planning . Republic of Iraq. - Anonymous, (1985). TNA principles of foliar feeding. Trans National Agronomy, Grand Rapids. MI. 2p. - Antonio, S. I andM. G. A.Bettio. (2003). Application of auxins and ringing branches on peachs cv. Diamante. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 25(1): 1-4. - Ashley M. K.; M. Grant and A. Grabov. (2006). Plant response to potassium deficiencies: areole for potassium transport proteins. J. Exp. Botany, 57, (12) : 425-436. - Awad, S. M. and A. R. Atawia. (1995). Effect of foliar sprays with some micronutrients on "LeConte" pear trees. 1- Tree growth, flowering and leaf mineral contents. Annals Agric. Sci. AinShams Univ. Cairo, 40: 359-367. - Awad, S. M.; A. A. El-Gazzan and H. F. El-Wakeel. (2000). Effect of Foliar application with some micronutrients on Anna apple trees. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci. Ain Shoims Univ., Cairo, 8: 270-303. - Awasthi, R. P.; V. P. Bhutani; M. S. Mankotia; N. S. Kith and G. Dev. (1998). Potash improves the yield and quality of June Elberta peach. Better Crops Intern., 12: 30–33. - Bal, J. S. (2005). Fruit Growing. Kalyani Publishers. Lu Dhiana-New Delhi-Noida(up).Hayderabad-Chennai- Cacutta Cuttack. - Bhandari, A. R. and N. S. Randhawa. (1985). Distribution of available micronulrients in soil of apple orchards in Mimachal Paradesh. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.33:171-174. - Branas, J. (1974). Viticulture, Imprimerie Dehan, Montpellier, France. - Chatzitheodorou, I. T.; T. E. Sortiropoulosi; G. I. Mouhtaridou1 and D. A. Greece (2004). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on fruit drop, fruit size and total yield of peach. 1N.A.G.R.E.F., Pomology Institute, Naoussa, Greece 2N.A.G.R.E.F., Soil Science Institute, Thermi- Thessaloniki. - Flaishman, M. (2006). Development of stone fruit for export. Annual Report for the Chief Scientist. Acta Hort. 671: 151-157. - Gobara, A. A. (1998). Response of Le-Cont Pear trees of foliar application of some nutrients, Egypt. J. Hort. 25: 55-70. - Grisez, T. g.; R. B. Jill and P. K. Robert. (2000). Rosaceae, Rose family, Prunus L. cherry, Peach,and plum. (http://www.nsl.Fs.Fed.us/wpsm/prunus.pdf). - Gupta, M. and H. Kaur (2007). Effect of synthetic auxins on plum cv. (Saltuj purple) Indian J. hort. 64 (3): 378-281. - Hammerschlag, F. A. (1986). Peach growing and germplasm in china. Acta Hort. 173:5155. - Joslyn, M. A. (1970). Methods in Food Analysis (2). Acad. Press, N. Y. London. - Khan, M. S.; F. K. Wazir and M. Ayaz (2000). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on fruit drop, fruit size and total yield of peach. Sarhad J. Agric. 16: 25–32. - Mimoun, B. M.; M. Ghrab; M. Ghanem and O. Elloumi. (2008). Effects of Potassium Foliar Spray on Olive, Peach and Plum. Part 2: Peach and Plum. Experiments p. 14-17. - Mukherji, S. and A. K. Ghosh(2005). Plant Physiology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.8/1 Chintamoni Das land, Kolkata/India. - Ruiz, R. (2006). Effects of different potassium fertilizers on yield, fruit quality and nutritional status of “Fairlane” nectarine trees and on soil fertility. Acta Hort. 721:185-190. - Ruth B. A.; R. A. Stern; M. Flaishman; M. Galilee. (2006). Synthetic auxin promotes fruit development and climacteric in Prunus salicina Technology Center, P.O. 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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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