The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 1-18, 2010 Company, US. Both cucumber cultivars were purchased from Agricultural Bureau, Mosul. A Split-Split Plot within Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design was adopted for this experiment. The main Plot (A) was the cultivation methods. They represented by (i) - Direct seeds in permanent field when environment temperature was suitable for optimal growth (a1) and (ii) - Seeds were sown in plastic tea pots and kept in plastic-house until the ambient outdoor environment being suitable for sustaining optimal growth. Thereafter they were planted in the permanent field (a2). The sub main plot was seed priming (B) was done as below: Seeds were unprimed (b1) and others were soaked for 24 hr. with 100% of their initial weights in distilled water (b2), -1.5 Mpa CaCO3 (b3), -1.5 Mpa MgSO4 (b4), or -1.5 Mpa CaCO3+ MgSO4 mixture (b5). The sub sub-main plot (C) was the cucumber cultivars where Babylon cultivar was (c1) and Khalifa cultivar was (c2). Then these seeds were rinsed and oven-dried at 55 o C. for 72 hrs. to retain their initial weights. This hydrating-drying cycle was repeated three times. Thus (2x2x5=20) treatments were included in this experiment. Each treatment was replicated three times and a replicate was represented by a furrow of 1m width and 3m length planted on one side with 35 cm plant intra space. The very similar design was repeated in the second growing season (2005). Soaking solutions were prepared by dissolving the above chemical compounds in distilled water. The electrical conductivities of these solutions were measured by HANA ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY DEVICE. The osmotic potential was calculated by the following equation: OP Mpa = EC (dSm -1 ) x - 0.36 (Ayers and Wescot, 1976). Field soil was clay (56.4% clay, 12.3% sand and 31.3% silt), its field capacity, wilting point and bulk density were 21.8%, 12.9% and 1.6 g.cm‾³, respectively. Soil was plowed vertically and horizontally, then, dissected to match the proposed design. Seeds of indirect cultivation were sown in teapots (filled with 1:1:1 peat moss: sheep manure: sand) inside the plastic house on March 10, 2004. While in second season, seeds were sown on March 23, 2005. In first year trail, plants were transplanted in the permanent field on April 3, 2004 and on April 16, 2005 in second year trail, where plants possessed 4-6 leaves. Seeds of direct cultivation were sown directly in the permanent field, at the date of 2 transplanting. Replanting was made on April 17, 2004, since some plants of indirect cultivation were chilled and completely damaged. Plants were fertilized by NPK 27:27:0 four times at rates of 10 g.m -2 during the growing season. The first application was done immediately after transplanting, while the others were during fruiting stage. Foliar spray of PhytoPhert micronutrients were also applied three times at a rate of 1.5 g.l -1 . The first was at flowering commencement and the other two were during fruiting stage. Weeds were eradicated manually whenever required around the growing season. A Mixture of 1 g.l -1 Benomyl fungicides and 2.5 ml.l -1 Endosulfan insecticides was sprayed first on plants in the plastic house. This mixture was sprayed at the permanent field when plants possessed three actual leaves and three weeks latter to control powdery mildew and white fly. At any tabulated harvest fresh weight, numbers of fruits were taken. At the end of growing season on July 25, 2004 and July 29, 2005 plants were pulled out, then brought to vegetable laboratory. Leaf number and branches number were counted. Leaf areas and plant lengths were measured. Leaves fresh weight, stem fresh weight, and plant fresh weight were weighed by sensitive metler balance. Samples of fruits, leaves, stems were weighed then ovendried at 65 o C for 72 hrs and finally reweighed. Fruit, stem, leaves, plant dry matter percentages besides leaf area index were calculated. Calcium content of fruits was determined according to procedure that recommended by Westerman (1990). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The obtained results exhibited that indirect cultivation was superior on direct cultivation in 2004. It substantially exceeded the latter in terms of plant fresh weight 16.4%, leaf dry weight 41.1%, leaf fresh weight 29.2%, leaf number per plant 18.2% and total yield 23.3% (tables, 2 and 4); fresh fruit yield at 3 rd , 4 th , 6 th , 9 th ,and 13 th , respectively by 600.9, 220.8, 156.5, 62.5, and 46.7% (table, 5); fruit number.m -2 at 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , and 9 th ,respectively by 236.4, 24.3, 168.9 and 68.8% (table, 7). Like wise in 2005 indirect cultivation was significantly exceeded its corresponding direct cultivation in plant dry weight 11.3%, leaf dry weight 10.8%, and leaf fresh weight 29.7% (table, 3); fresh fruit yield g.m -2 at 6 th , 12 th , 14 th , 16 th , 17 th , 18 , 19 th and 20 th by 96.4, 22.9, 81.4, 32.6, 77.2, 116.4, ∞ and
J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 1-18, 2010 ∞ %, respectively; fruit number.m -2 at 2 nd (∞%), 3 rd (164.4%), 4 th (133.3%), 5 th (107.8%), 6 th (166.6%), 8 th (33.8%), 11 th (29.5%), and 17 th harvests (47.8%). The superiority of indirect cultivation was due to the performance of seed germinations under plastic house in which it provided the germinating seeds and thereby seedling performances with suitable temperature that if otherwise seeds will either not germinate or give sluggish seedlings, sine cucumber requires high light intensities and temperature (Swiader et al., 1996). Cucumber is a thermophilic and frost-susceptible crop, growing best at temperatures of 20 0 C (Tatlioglu, 1993). Seeds primed by MgSO4 in 2004 profoundly exceeded that of unprimed seeds in calcium content of fruit 26.5%, fruit fresh yield g.m -2 at 2 nd 80% (tables, 4 and7); seeds primed by distilled water in total fruit yield 60%, fruit yield at 2 nd harvest 795.5%, 9 th harvest 40% (tables, 4 and 5) and in fruit number.m -2 at second harvest 800% (table,7); seed primed by CaCO3+MgSO 4 mixture in calcium content of fruit 36.1% (table, 4); besides its superiority over that of CaCO3 in fresh fruit yield at 9 th harvest 20.7% (table, 5). However in 2005 growing season, seed primed by an equal mixture of CaCO3+MgSO4 was the most effective treatment. It significantly exceeded that unprimed in plant dry weight 16.3%, and fruit fresh yield at 5 th harvest112.8%, and fruit number at 11 th harvest 41.2% and 14 th harvest 35.5% (tables, 3). These improvements in growth and yield might be attributed to the nutritional values of these compounds, ion antagonism between these two compounds or to the osmosis effects of salt solution where seeds were primed. Frett et al., (1991) compared factorial combinations of Ca 2+ , Na +, or K + with NO3 - , Cl - , SO 4 or H2PO4 - at -0.8MPa and 20 0 C as priming agents for asparagus and tomato seeds. They found that salt solutions were more effective than PEG in speeding tomato seed germination; however, salt solutions provided no such benefit for asparagus seeds. Results of 2004 trail exhibited that Babylon cultivar responded more than that observed in Khalifa. It highly exceeded the latter in leaf area 16.6%, plant dry matter percentage 15.9%, leaf dry matter accumulation in leaf 39.4%, leaf fresh weight 26%, fruit length 90%, fruit dry matter percentage 4.5%, and total yield 38.3% (table, 2 and 4); fruit fresh weight at 3 rd , 4 th ,5 th 7 th and 8 th harvests by 3.7, 256, 112, 336.7, and 117%, respectively, (table, 5); fruit number at 3 rd , 4 th ,5 th , and 7 th harvests by 257, 227.3, 105.3 and 320%, respectively, (table, 6). Likewise in 2005 trail, also Babylon cultivar exceeded its corresponding one in fruit dry matter percentage 2.2%, fruit length 10.6%, accumulation of dry matter in a plant 10.4%, leaf area 17.2%, percentage of plant dry matter 13.7%, leaf dry weight 34.3%, leaf fresh weight 26.7% fruit dry matter percentage 2.2%, and fruit length 10.6%, (tables, 3 and 4); fresh fruit yield at 2 nd , 3 rd ,4 th , 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , 8 th , and 18 th harvests by 1131.5, 2031, 497.6, 235.1, 102.2, 151.5, and 31.6% ,respectively. The higher response potency of Babylon cultivar over Khalifa might be due to seed priming which obviously reflected on growth and yield explains the well established genome expression abilities of Babylon cultivar. It also may be due to precise segregation and breeding techniques that were applied by the producing company in introducing this cultivar to growers. Moreover, this cultivar is very successful in Iraq and it is the most familiar. The results of 2004 growing season revealed that indirect cultivation of seed primed in CaCO3 solution gave the highest individual fresh weight for leaf 9.5 g, and total yield of fresh fruit 12.6 kg.m -2 , (tables, 2 and 4). In 2005 growing season, direct cultivation in an equal mixture of CaCO3+MgSO4 was apparently overwhelming other interaction treatments. It displayed the highest total yield 11.13 kg.m -2 , fresh fruit yield at 3 rd harvest 75 g.m -2 , fruit number.m -2 26.5 (tables, 4 and 10). These improvements were due to the influence of priming on germination and seedlings performances during the very early stages of growth and their consequences. Changes in gene expressions are required in the early phases of imbibitions to switch seeds from developmental germinative mode; the completion of this "Switching" during priming; could hasten growth initiation when the seeds are re-imbibed (Kermode et al., 1986). The indirect cultivation of Babylon interaction in 2004 manifested the highest individual leaf dry weight 4.3g, leaf number per plant 106, fruit length 16.7 cm, percentage of fruit dry matter 4.5 g, and total yield 11.1 kg.m -2 (tables, 2 and 4); yield of fresh fruit at 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , 8 th ,and 9 th harvests, and their values, respectively, were 328.3, 445, 940, 843.3, 703.3, and 1395 g.m -2 (table, 5); fruit number.m -2 at 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , and 8 th harvests, and their values were 5.3, 11.3, 10, 10.6 and 8.3, respectively, (table, 7). Similar results were observed in 2005 experiment, where indirect cultivated Babylon interaction showed the highest leaf area 106.3 3
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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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