The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 153-161, 2010 between male and female and between different age groups of cattle, sheep and goats. Soulsby (1986) reported that the younger animals were susceptible to the infection but exhibited little detectable reaction although clinical cases can be induced by splenectomy. In this study, the Anaplasma was not seen in the erythrocytes of 142 of 346 animals which were positive for A. ovis antibody by cELISA. The results show that cELISA was a favorable technique for the detection of acute and chronic anaplasmosis. Anaplasma cELISA is a breakthrough in diagnosis of anaplasmosis in the persistently infected animals and is recommended by (OIE, 2008). The competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on a major surface protein-5(MSP5) from A. marginale used for the detection of the prevalence of A. ovis in goats and used as a comparative test with microscopical examination of Giemsa stained blood smears. The utility of the MSP5-based cELISA in detecting cattle infected with A. marginale suggested that the assay could be used to detect goats infected with A. ovis (Visser et al., 1992., Palmer et al., 1994). A comparison between the efficiency of cELISA and microscopical examination clearly showed that cELISA was more efficient than microscopic examination. Hence, cELISA allowed a better detection of 346 (75.22%) of the infected animals, while microscopical examination was detected only of 257(55.86%). In this study, seroprevalence of A. ovis antibodies was detected in sera of 460 native goats 346(75.22%). While Ndung’u et al. (1995) reported that the high prevalence of A. ovis in goats from four regions of Kenya 119 of 127 known A. ovis- seropositive goats is determined by the MSP5 CI-ELISA. In Hungaria, Horonk et al. (2007) surveyed seroprevalence of A. ovis in five local flocks of sheep which was 99.4% and in cattle 80.8% by cELISA. Birdane et al. (2006) reported that in Turkey the prevalence of A. marginale in cattle by cELISA and microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smears of 645 animals was 357(55.35%) and 220(34.11%) respectively. de la Fuente et al. (2006) reported that in Italy the prevalence of A. ovis from bighorn sheep in Montana was 69%. Scoles et al. (2008) reported that the prevalence of A. ovis in mule deer and black- tailed deer were 73% and 71% respectively by cELISA and the percent positive was 56% for mule deer and 82% for back tailed deer by IFA 158 and the sensitivity and specificity of cELISA test were 98.2% and 96.3%, respectively. This study revealed variable degrees in hemogram in goats infected with A. ovis confirm that moderate to severe hemolytic anemia was very distinctive in comparison to the normal healthy parameters. These included a drop in the mean values of erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration and also there was a significant increas in the mean values of the mean corpuscular values (MCV), while there was no difference in (MCHC, MCH). This indicated evidence of macrocytic normochromic anemia. Arslan and Shukur (1994) reported that the hematological findings showed a significant decrease in RBC, Hb concentration, PCV, and MCHC. No changes in MCV and MCH values were noted. Anemia was found to be normocytic hypochrpmic type. Total and differential leukocyte count showed no significant changes. Yousif et al. (1983) found macrocytic hypochromic type anemia (PCV 23.4% instead of 32.3%) in the healthy goats in, a flock of goats of local breed in Iraq infected with A. ovis. Barry and Van Niekerk (1990) found macrocytic hypochromic anemia with A. ovis in boar goats. Alsaad et al. (2009) indicated that blood parasitic infection of blood parameters as total red blood cells, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume significantly decreased at level (P< 0.05) beside the significant increase at level (P< 0.05) in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and anemia of different types were also recorded depending on the type of infection macrocytic hypochromic anemia in theleria infection and normocytic normochromic anemia in babesia infection. Losos (1986) mentioned the pattern of anemia in anaplasma as a progressive anemia which is initially normocytic and later becomes macrocytic, with compensatory hyperplasia of bone marrow, granulocytosis, reticulocytosis, increased mean corpuscular cell volume, and increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Red blood cells are removed by phagocytosis and the reticuloenothelial system, primarily in spleen removal of the red blood cells rather than intravascular hemolysis accounts for the absence of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Rapid destruction of red blood cells and low hematocrit levels are accompanied by degeneration of paranchymatous organ. Other, explained that the pathogenesis of anemia could not be directly correlated to the cell injury due to invasion of
J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 153-161, 2010 erythrocytes by the Anaplasma, but loss of red blood cells was closely correlated to the level of infection in severely anemic animals (Jones et al., 1968). Removal of erythrocytes was due to in part to autoimmune antibodies bound to erythrocytes (Schroeder and Ristic, 1965 a). REERENCES - Adam, K.M.G., Paul, J., and Zaman, V. (1971). Medical and Veterinary Protozology Churchill livingstone Edinburgh and London Pp: 200 - Al-Amerey, M.A.Y., and Hasso, S.A. (2002). Epizootiological Survey of some blood and fecal parasitic protozoa of goats around Baghdad City. Basrah. J. Vet. Res., 1(2): 41-48. - Alsaad, K.M., Al-obaidi, Q.T., Esmaeel, S.A. (2009).Hematological and biochemical study on the effect of some common blood parasites in native goats in Mosul area. Iraq. J.Vet. Sci. 23:101-106. - Alsaad, K. M. (1990). Clinical, Haematological and Biochemical studies on Anaplasmosis in local Cattle breed. Msc. thesis, Submitted to the College of Vet. Med. University of Mosul. - Arslan, S. H., and Shukur A.A. (1994). Clinical and hematological studies on theleriosis and anaplasmosis in local breed cattle in Mousl region. Iraq. J.Vet. Sci. 7(2), 93-100 - Barry, D.M., and Van Niekerk., C.H. (1990). Anaplasmosis in Improved Boer Goats in South Africa Artificially Infected with Anaplasma ovis. Small Ruminant Research, 3: 191-197. - Birdane, F.M., Sevinc, F., Derinbay, O. (2006). Anaplasma marginale infectious in dairy cattle: Clinical disease with high seroprevalence. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 50: 467-470. - Coles, E.H. (1986). Veterinary clinical pathology, 4th ed. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Pp. 25 – 29. - de la Fuente, J., Atkinson, M.W., Hogg, J.T., Miller, D.S., Naranjo,v., Almazan, C., Anderson, N., Kocan, K.M.(2006).Genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains from bighorn sheep in Montana. J.Wildl. Dis. 42: 381-385. - De Waal, D.T. (2000). Anaplasmosis control and diagnsis in South Africa. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 916: 474–483. - Dreher, U.M., de la Fuente, J., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Meli, M.L., Pusterla, N., Kocan, K.M., Woldehiwet, Z., Braun, U., Regula, G., Staerk, K.D.C., Lutz, H. (2005).Serologic cross-reactivity investigation between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12: 1177–1183. - Friedhoff, K.T. (1997).Tick born diseases of sheep and goats caused by Babesia, Theileria, or Anaplasma spp. Parasitologia 39: 99-109. - Hornok, S., Elek, V., de la Fuente, J., Naranjo, V., Farkas, R., Majoros, G., Foldvari, G. (2007).First serological and molecular evidence on the endemicity of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in Hungary.Vet. Microbiol, 122: 316 – 322. - Hur, B.H., Jun, C.K., Lee, H.M., Kim, Y.S., Kim, Y.T., Lee, J.W., Choi, J.W., An, B.M., Song, H.J. (1995).Prevalence of blood parasites infection and experimental treatment in Korean native goats. Korean J. Vet. Serv. 19(1): 42- 52. - Jones, E. W. Kliewer, I. O., Norman, B. B and Brock, W. E. (1968). Anaplasma marginale infection in young and aged cattle, Am. J. Vet. Res., 29(3): 535-44. Schroeder, W. F. and Ristic, M. (1965a). Anaplasmosis. XVII. The relation of autoimmune processes to anemia, Am. J. Vet. Res., 26(111): 239-43. - Knowles, D.P., Torioni de Echaide, S., Palmer, G.H., McGuire, T.C., Stiller, D., McElwain, T.F. (1996). Antibody against Anaplasma marginale MSP5 epitope common to tick and erythrocyte stages identifies persistently infected cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2225–2230. - Kocan K.M., de la Fuente J., Guglielmmone A.A, Melendez R.D. (2003). Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 16: 698 –712. - Kuttler, K.L. (1984). Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic Ruminants: a review. J. Wildl. Dis. 20: 12–20. - Lestoquared, F. (1924). Deuxieme note sur les piroplasmoses du mouton en Algerie. L Anaplasmamses: Anaplasma ovis nov. sp. Bull Soc Path Exot.17: 784-787. - Losos, G.J. (1986). Infectious tropical disease of domestic animals. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York. Pp: 743–745. - Lu, W.Sh., Lu, W.X., Zhang, Q.C., Yu, F., Dou, H.F., Yin, H. (1997). Ovine Anaplasma in Northwes China.Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 29: 16S-18S. - Ndung’u, L.W., Aguirre, C., Rurangirwa, F.R., McElwain, T.F., McGuire, T.C., Knowles, D.P., Palmer, G.H. (1995). Detection of Anaplasma ovis infection in goats by major surface protein-5competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 675–67. - OIE, (2008). Bovine Anaplasmosis in OIE Manual for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. In chapters 2.4.1 Palmer, G. H. (1992). Development of diagnostic reagents for anaplasmosis and babesiosis,. In T. T. Dolan (ed.), recent developments in the control of anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and cowdriosis. English Press, International Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya. Pp: 59–66 - Palmer, G. H., McElwain, T. F., McGuire, T. C., Kappmeyer, L., Davis, W. C., Stiller, D., Visser, E., Tebele, N., Ndung’u, L., Pipano, E., Shkap, V., 159
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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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