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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 82-89, 2010<br />

during prolonged dry period, also the mountains<br />

which surrounding Duhok Dam, shown early<br />

landslide and continuous erosion.<br />

<strong>The</strong> differences of water turbidity in the<br />

rainfall season is very important for calculation<br />

the expected actual soil loss due to the effect of<br />

rainfall drop, For example in the spring when the<br />

soil is newly ploughed and without any cover<br />

will be dangerous if the area is expected to the<br />

high spring shower high value of erosion and<br />

then high amount of suspended soil and turbid<br />

water which in turn causes large quantity of<br />

sediments in the rivers and its lateral, but less<br />

effect if the spring rain be gentle. This<br />

measurement generally provides a very good<br />

correlation with the concentration of particles in<br />

the water, which affect turbidity then increase<br />

the erosion .<br />

22<br />

RECOMMENDATIONS<br />

Depending on the output of this study we<br />

can know which period of the season is critical<br />

for soil erosion which shown as turbidity water<br />

in the river. On this basis there should be plans<br />

for soil conservation works to stop the impact of<br />

the raindrop on uncover soil surface and we<br />

recommended the following points for decrease<br />

the cause of suspension and natural water<br />

erosion.<br />

1- Reforestation the uncovered parts of the<br />

watershed and to prevent the present forest also<br />

forbidden to cut the forest trees.<br />

2- construct and develop the small check dams<br />

which traditionally named small stone dam on<br />

the laterals of the streams and gullies to reduce<br />

the flowing runoff and then decrease the gullies<br />

erosion, which dominate in the region.<br />

3- Make retaining wall on both roadsides to<br />

reduce collapse and<br />

lubrication posses in the soil.<br />

4- Construct wattle fence and develop new<br />

durable material on critical slope which have<br />

fragile and uncovered soil to conserve it from<br />

the erosion.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

- Aomer, O.A. (1999).Morphological study for some<br />

watershed discharge Arbil, Iraq Kurdistan Duhok<br />

University bulletin, <strong>The</strong> first minutes scientific<br />

congress ,V2 No, 4 P591.<br />

- Armstrong G.L., and D.H. Mackenzie (2002) .Sediment<br />

yield and turbidity records from small upland sub<br />

catchments in the Warragamba Dam catchments.<br />

New South Wales, Australian Journal of Soil<br />

Research V40.<br />

- Dabney, S.M., M.A. Locke and Jr, R.W. Steinriede<br />

(2006). Turbidity sensors track sediment<br />

concentrations in runoff from agricultural fields,<br />

federal interagency sedimentation conference<br />

proceedings, Reno, Nevada. CDROM.<br />

- Duhok Dam project consultants, (1979). Department of<br />

Dams and reservoirs first stage. Project report<br />

Vol.1, Baghdad Iraq. Ministry of irrigation.<br />

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of Cryptosporidium and other suspended particles<br />

in water.<br />

- Gulcur, M., and M.S.Kettaneh (1972).Development plan<br />

of Duhok watershed, forestry research,<br />

demonstration and training .Fo.SF/TRQ.518 Arbil.<br />

- Hammed, M.T. (1980).Study on the relationship between<br />

rainfall and each of the discharge and suspended<br />

load of Duhok watershed. A thesis of Master degree<br />

submitted to the college of Agriculture and<br />

Forestry, Mosul University, Iraq<br />

- Hammed, M.T. (2004) .Morphological study on the<br />

secondary laterals of the Duhok river watershed<br />

.Journal of Duhok university .V7. Number 2 P.<br />

(63-75).<br />

- Hollidy,C.p.,T.C.Rasmussen and P.M.William<br />

(2003).Establishing the relationship between<br />

turbidity and total suspended sediment<br />

concentraton.<strong>The</strong> University of Georgia,<br />

Athens,GA30602.<br />

- Howard, P (2008).U.S. Department of the Interior.U.S.<br />

Geological survey.<br />

URL:http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/characteristics.<br />

html<br />

- Hubert, C., M. Takeuchi and M. Trevethan (2007).<br />

Available online. Using turbidity and acoustic<br />

backscatter intensity as surrogate measure of<br />

suspended sediment concentration in a small<br />

subtropical estuary. Journal of environment, P1406-<br />

1416, Austral. www .Elsevier .com/locate/jenvman<br />

- Jamie,B., and R. Balance.(1996).Water quality<br />

monitoring- a practical guide to the design and<br />

implementation of freshwater .Quality studies and<br />

monitoring programmer ,UNEP/WHO.<br />

- Lewis, J. (1996).Turbidity controlled suspended sediment<br />

sampling for runoff event load estimation, Water<br />

Resources Research, 32(7), 2299-2310.<br />

- Rasmussen, T.C. (1995).Erosion and sedimentation<br />

scientific and regulatory issues .Report developed<br />

by Georgia board of regent's scientific panel on<br />

evaluating the erosion measurement standard<br />

defined by the Georgia erosion sedimentation Act.<br />

- Wijenayake, N.A.J., and P.M.K. Alahakoon (2002).<br />

Development accost-effective turbid-meter<br />

,Department of agricultural engineering, faculty<br />

of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya 20400,<br />

Sri Lanka.

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