The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 82-89, 2010 28 Table (5): Ton sedimentation collected in Duhok Dam during the study season (2008- 2009). # Month 1 Monthly runoff to Duhok Dam(m 3 ) 1/10/2008 0 1/11/2008 188319 1/12/2008 226636 1/1/2009 490502 1/2/2009 163865 1/3/2009 2320739 1/4/2009 1482095 1/5/2009 150000 2 Suspension Concentration Kg/ m 3 3 Sediment Kg 0 0 0.0605 11393.3 5.992 1358002.9 3.0263 1484406.2 0.3576 58598.124 0.504 1169652.5 1.3E-06 1.9267235 0 0 4 4082054.951 Kg Total Tons 4082.055 Ton RESULT AND DISCUSSION The main purpose of this study is to estimate the annual sedimentation collected in the Duhok dam reservoir through taking continually samples from the seasonal runoff which outlet to the Duhok River. Total suspended solids (TSS) is one of the primary factors affecting turbidity of runoff water flow from the catchments outlet to Duhok river ,which was measured by using turbidity meter (NTU) nephelometeric turbidity meters unite. Prolonged period of continuous runoff occurred in the initial monitoring period "Between" (2008-2009). Seasonal rainfall was less than average the distribution of rainfall on rainy day and monthly runoff was recorded in table (Table 1) and (Table 3) respectively. (Table 3 columnar 3) show that as the peak water runoff flow the runoff color seem turbid, while in the gentle flow, the water color seem very clear ,which flow to the Duhok Dam reservoir. The standard curve of suspended concentration and turbidity (NTU) was prepared from (Table 2) and explained in (Fig. 8), to obtain correlation equation for the eroded solid material as sedimentation to Duhok Dam reservoir. We obtained strong relationship between turbidity and sediment concentration, (Y=86.15X 0.414 with R 2 =0.95 ), but the relationships differed between natural runoff and suspended samples. Overall, peak sediment concentration frequently occurred with or very soon after the first flow and prior to peak discharge. Hubert at al, 2007 show that simple linear regression only occur where the particle size shape and composition of suspended soils does not vary with concentration. These condition are in the case of predominantly fine silt and clay which are being transported specially from pasture region and un-gullied region. The relation for high concentrations which contain high percentage of sand partial is best represent by a power curve predominantly in gullied area where highly eroded puts occur and show statistically significant relationship (Armstrong et al, 2002) Turbidity explained more than 95% of the variability in sediment concentration. Similar result was observed by (Dabney et al, 2006) in natural runoff samples when they applied the correlation equation, several time , the result is very close to that we obtained in this study (Fig.8). Applied the turbidity value (NTU) of the suspended natural rainfall runoff samples which was taken from the estuary river of the Duhok watershed river on the standard curve or solve the above equation on the light of turbidity value, we obtained the concentration of the suspended soil in Kg/m 3 as shown in (Table 5). (Fig.8) shown the relationship between chosen rainfall in Duhok Dam watershed, and suspension sediment concentration during the study period the relation is polynomial with (R 2 =0.75). Although the total seasonal rainfall was (386 mm) , while the rainfall storms which really cause the runoff and turbid water was (273mm), the monthly distribution of rain was as follows (66.5mm) in November and (68.5mm) in December 2008 while (41.0 ,65.0 mm) and (32.0 mm) in February, March and April 2009 respectively .The above rainfall data have indirect effect on the turbidity of the Duhok river and suspended sediments due to the impact of the raindrop on the Duhok Dam watershed ,
J. Duhok Univ. Vol.13, No.1, (Agri. And Vet. Sciences) Pp 82-89, 2010 other factors affected the turbidity of Duhok river as the watershed condition (Rainfall intensity, soil humidity ,vegetation cover , and soil texture), as will as the type of soil conservation practices . In this study for the first time we estimate the monthly sedimentation in the Duhok Dam reservoir instead of the total loading sediment, monthly sediment show the effect of the rainfall and the soil condition before rain storm . Comparing the results obtained in this study (2008-2009), with that found by (Hammed, 1980) we see that the total runoff was estimated at (5022156 m 3 ) (Table 4) vs. 11511232 m 3 for the season (1978-1979) and the maximum suspended sediment concentration load was (5992 g/ m 3 ) (Table 5 columnar 3) vs. 85060 g/ m 3 for study season (1978-1979). The last result is two fold more than that which the consultant report has mentioned (Duhok Dam project, 1979) Also the total suspended soil was (4082.055 ton) as estimated in this study (Table 5 columnar Suspension concentration(kg/m 3 ) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 4) vs. (137951 ton) for study season (1978- 1979). The big difference is due to the decline in rainfall and climate change during the last three decades, for example total rainfall during study season (2008-2009) was (386 mm) while the average rainfall in the season (1978-1979) more than (600 mm) between (Duhok and Zawita) region, in addition Duhok river was flow along the year during study season(1978-1979), but now day the river flow only in the rainfall season period because of the drought of spring resource and rainfall abatement. As the total Duhok watershed area is 133.8 Km 2 and the total sedimentation in this output study for the rainfall season (2008-2009) are (4082.055 ton) (Table 5), we conclude that erosion was not dangerous and less than the tolerance limit (11.4 ton/hectors) it's about (0.305 ton/hectors) and the sedimentation is little in Duhok Dam watershed region. y = 0.0179x 2 - 0.7462x + 7.1151 R 2 = 0.7552 0 20 40 60 -2 Rainfall depth(mm) Fig. (4): Relation between Rainfall depth and Suspension Concentration CONCLUSIONS All types of the erosion (Gully and sheet) were the dominant source of the most sediments, contributing to sediment yield from upland catchments to the Duhok Dam reservoir. As the main phase of gully erosion is already complete treatment and management of historical gully erosion is likely to have a lasting effect on water quality and reduced sediments. Land management, such as conserving and prevention of the formation gullies, may play a key role in decrease the eroded process. More attention needs to paid to the design and settling of sediment trapping structures in gullies to achieve maximum trap efficiency and minimize turbidity sediment yield from heavy grazing although much less significant, may rise dramatically 28
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The Influence Of Priming Two Cucumber Cultivar Seeds

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