Geriatric Mental Health Disaster and Emergency Preparedness

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Chapter 7 Making the Community Plan 127 terests (Hawe & Shiell; Woolcock, 1998). In the context of disasters, social capital can reduce psychological distress by bringing about mutually beneficial collective action (Nakagawa & Shaw, 2004); in addition to the ability of social capital to promote a flow of support through and between social networks, the integrity and synergy ( Woolcock) of larger social institutions in disaster response can engender distress or recovery. Norris and colleagues (2008) identified social capital as one of the four networked capacities central to community resilience in times of disaster. In their model, social capital is linked with economic development, information and communication, and community competence. It is made up of social network structure, social support, social embeddedness, organizational linkages and cooperation, citizen participation, attachment to place, and sense of community (Norris, et al.). In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, many people were displaced from their homes and communities for an extended period (Galea, et al., 2008). In addition to experiencing eroding existing social support networks, sense of community, and attachment to place, Katrina victims lost trust in governmental assistance due to confusing or incomplete public announcements regarding federal financial assistance available to disaster victims ( White House, 2006). The result of this deterioration of social capital and other stressors was an increased burden of PTSD among those living in disaster-affected areas at the time of Hurricane Katrina (Galea, et al.). Strategies for community preparedness and resilience rely upon the development of multilevel social networks, social capital, and linkages between the local, political, legal, and economic sectors to improve positive functioning after a disaster (Adger, Hughes, Folke, Carpenter, & Rockstrom, 2005; Norris, et al.). Older Adults and Social Support Exposure to disasters impacts the health status of older adults and results in greater physical health effects when there are greater personal losses and community destruction ( Phifer, Kaniasty, & Norris, 1988). In addition to the vulnerability created by physiological, cognitive, sensory, and medical needs (Aldrich & Benson, 2008), older adults may be more susceptible to the effects of disaster due to their lower economic resources and weaker social support (Thompson, et al., 1993). In one study of Hurricane Hugo, older adults were the least likely to provide and receive support compared to younger and middle-aged adults following a disaster (Thompson, et al.). As such, older adults can either experience a pattern of neglect—where they receive less help than their younger counterparts, as seen with Hurricane
128 Geriatric Mental Health Disaster and Emergency Preparedness Katrina (Gibson, 2006)—or a pattern of concern, where societal norms of aiding the most needy, reciprocity, and filial ties overcome the pattern of neglect (Kaniasty & Norris, 1995). After Hurricane Hugo, older adults who experienced disaster injury or threat received as much instrumental and informational support as younger adults, following a pattern of concern; this points to the ability of older adults to draw from their lifetime bank of social support and recruit the support they need in times of stress ( Kaniasty & Norris). On the other hand, older adults with property and financial loss in a community affected by similar losses following Hurricane Hugo were less likely to be recognized as needing assistance, following a pattern of neglect (Kaniasty & Norris). Conceptual Model of Community Preparedness Figure 7.1 introduces the conceptual model of community preparedness and its relationship to psychological well-being and positive adaptive functioning to promote quality of life. Community preparedness reduces the mental health sequelae of disasters by directly providing knowledge and Community Preparedness Preparedness Knowledge Preparedness Skills Social Capital Social Support Community Resilience Figure 7.1 Community preparedness conceptual framework. Positive Adaptive Functioning Psychological Well-Being
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Geriatric Mental Health Disaster an
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Geriatric Mental Health Disaster an
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Dedicated to Flo Aaroe, who personi
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Contributors xi Foreword by Robert
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14 Geriatric Assessment for Differe
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xii Contributors Terry Fulmer, PhD,
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xiv Contributors Douglas M. Sanders
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Foreword With the increase in the n
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Preface The rage you feel does more
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Preface xxi and (3) influence the d
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Preface xxiii as key to the prepara
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Acknowledgments In connection with
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1 A Primer for Disaster and Emergen
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Chapter 1 A Primer for Disaster and
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2 Older Persons in Disasters and Em
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Chapter 2 Older Persons in Disaster
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NORMAL CHANGES WITH AGING ORGANS/SY
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Immune Function Laboratory Tests Em
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48 Geriatric Mental Health Disaster
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Table 3.3 GEC GEPR COLLABORATIVE PR
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Table 3.3 GEC GEPR COLLABORATIVE PR
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Community Response to the Needs of
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Table 10.1 PRE-DISASTER/BASELINE DO
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Table 10.2 DURING-DISASTER SYMPTOM
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182 Geriatric Mental Health Disaste
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Table 10.3 POSTDISASTER SYMPTOM DOM
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Table 10.5 POSSIBLE BENEFITS OF SEL
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12 Complementary and Alternative Ap
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Chapter 12 Complementary and Altern
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Where to Find a Therapist Chapter 1
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Self-Care Chapter 12 Complementary
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13 The Interdisciplinary Treatment
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Chapter 13 The Interdisciplinary Tr
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Choose solutions Review literature
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14 This chapter focuses on the ment
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Chapter 14 Geriatric Assessment for
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15 Bereavement and Grief: What Is N
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Chapter 15 Bereavement and Grief 29
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The Length of Mourning Chapter 15 B
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16 The Experience of Vulnerability
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Chapter 16 The Experience of Vulner
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17 Alzheimer’s Disease and Relate
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Chapter 17 Alzheimer’s Disease an
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n Do your best to remain calm. The
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380 Appendix I A Guide to Developin
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390 Appendix II Glossary of Terms C
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A AAGP. See American Association fo
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community initiatives/lessons learn
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depression v., 287 during disasters
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Emergency preparedness, gaps in tra
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adverse reactions to, 226 conclusio
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health care provider training on, 7
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physical changes/resultant weakness
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supervisor component of, 110 -113,
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Spirituality of African Americans/A
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