Politics of the past: the use and abuse of history - Socialists ...

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the language of instruction in schools, use of language in public space or the symbolic issue of inclusion in government of parties supported by Russian-speaking voters. Such a multicultural approach will not by itself solve conflicts but it is a useful framework for conflict-solving. In fact it is more than that: the political interaction it creates helps foster the trust and feeling of commonality that underlie a sustainable civic nation. Latvians and their political elites have yet to take this decisive step towards multiculturalism. Among many other things, this would presuppose tackling history in a new manner. Although Latvians cannot change their past, they can still choose what to make of it. Postscript A recent survey study looked at how Latvian schoolchildren perceive the thorny historical issues, comparing schools where teaching is in Latvian and those where Russian is the main language of instruction (this largely coincides with the schoolchildren’s ethnolinguistic identities). The results support the suggestion that radical differences only concern some aspects of history, but not others. Young Latvians from the two ethnolinguistic groups disagree on the role of the Soviet troops, but not so much the role of the German troops in Latvia during WWII; while the two groups have opposing views of the Soviet period, there is no radical difference in the assessment of the first Latvian Republic (1918- 1934) etc. In both surveyed groups, the majority did not recognize the name of Konstantīns Čakste – a leader of the Latvian resistance who fought against Soviet as well as German occupation. Ignorance about the past, even those parts of it that can reconcile and soothe old grievances, is, perhaps, Latvians’ greatest problem with history per se. 153 Viktor Makarov
List of references Brubaker, Rogers (1996) Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Los Angeles: University of California). Golubeva, Ilona, Marks Jermaks, Toms Miks, Baiba Bela, Nils Muižnieks (2007) ‘Latvijas jauniešu integrācija un vērtīborientāciju maiņa poltiskās socializācijas procesā.’ In Stratēģiskās analīzes komisijas ziņojumi (Riga: Zinātne). LCHR (Latvian Centre for Human Rights) (2006) Human Rights in Latvia 2005. URL: http://www.humanrights.org.lv/upload_ file/IHF_2005.pdf, [accessed 25 Nov. 2008]. LR Satversmes Tiesa (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia) (2005) Spriedums Lietā Nr. 2004-18-0106. URL: http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/2004-18-0106.rtf, [accessed 24 Nov. 2008]. McCrone, David (1998) The Sociology of Nationalism. Tomorrow’s Ancestors (London, New York: Routledge). Onken, Eva-Clarita (2007) “The Baltic States and Moscow’s 9 May Commemoration: Analysing Memory Politics in Europe.” Europe-Asia Studies 59:1, pp. 23-46. Zepa, Brigita, Kļave Evija, Žabko Oksana, Krastiņa Līga, Bebriša Iveta, Jansone Zane, Vaivode Lelde, Beriņa Liene (2008) Mēs. Svētki. Valsts. Valsts svētku svinēšanas socioloģiska izpēte (Riga: Baltic Institute of Social Sciences). 154
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Twenty years after the end of the C
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Dedicated to Bronisław Geremek Bro
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Table of contents Preface: Never Ag
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Preface Never again 7 Martin Schulz
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Preface The Past Does Not Go Away A
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Introduction by the Editors In 2008
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about the tense and ambivalent rela
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another debate formulated by Richar
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theoretical and practical impossibi
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History and national identity Histo
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the subject of much controversy, th
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everything on Stalin and communism:
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Prague Spring: “In the mid-1950s,
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Literature Arendt, Hannah (1951) Th
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Common Memory and European Identity
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cried the Ossies as the Berlin Wall
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the first phase of negotiations aft
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eference to a common destiny, and t
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The ‘enlargement fatigue’ obser
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on each other. The only way of chan
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“The Word Concentration Camp mean
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I think history is essential to thi
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denying it is like saying evil does
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Soviet camp, not because he had don
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Q: In Germany there is a strong fee
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the 17 th century so that the South
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forests near Minsk. I was taken the
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harmonious and prosperous, with the
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were doing and why they were doing
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an explanation. I told him that I e
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This movement once had a big meetin
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guests of Imre Pozsgay, minister of
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HISTORICAL DILEMMAS
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National myths Every society has a
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confessions. The culmination of thi
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First, few countries undertake a th
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Finally, confronted with the experi
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no better placed than governments t
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compartments, and that one must som
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Such an approach certainly has its
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History and Politics: Recommendatio
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The tension between academic histor
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oth a collective and individual exo
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Europe’s responsibilities It is c
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egimes provides a deeper understand
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and accounts for professionals deal
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This shift later inspired the devel
Page 103 and 104: In Germany, public historical cultu
Page 106 and 107: Historical Bias in Poland: Lustrati
Page 108 and 109: The Polish United Workers’ Party
Page 110 and 111: The right’s criticism of the meth
Page 112 and 113: epresents one more step in the broa
Page 114 and 115: European Social Democracy and 20 th
Page 116 and 117: the KPD - even now - is not about p
Page 118 and 119: esisted them in many cases. The ove
Page 120 and 121: turned some of them against the SPD
Page 122 and 123: The Interpretation of the Soviet Un
Page 124 and 125: the result of a war of liberation a
Page 126 and 127: Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol? How di
Page 128: pen in Lithuania. The idea was adva
Page 131 and 132: and politician Giovanni Amendola to
Page 133 and 134: The most influential analytical mod
Page 135 and 136: 2. A single mass party consisting o
Page 137 and 138: their differences. Most comparative
Page 139 and 140: communism are legal heirs of the En
Page 141 and 142: the world war and to exculpate the
Page 143 and 144: They also criticized “revisionist
Page 145 and 146: seen above, after careful scrutiny
Page 148 and 149: The Real Problem Latvians Have with
Page 150 and 151: not see it as something important e
Page 152 and 153: structures Latvian domestic politic
Page 156 and 157: Diversity in Historical Education:
Page 158 and 159: and sometimes in adjustment and ada
Page 160 and 161: For the Record: PSE MEPs react 159
Page 162 and 163: F. especially the Nazi- and the Sta
Page 164 and 165: having always been victims, trying
Page 166: SPECIAL REPORT: SLOVAKS AND HUNGARI
Page 169 and 170: Much has happened in the last two y
Page 171 and 172: The conference concentrated, as the
Page 173 and 174: aristocratic, Estates-based ‘nati
Page 175 and 176: A person’s identification with a
Page 177 and 178: ians to evaluate the extent to whic
Page 179 and 180: more intensive part in forming the
Page 182 and 183: A Common Past, a Divided History 18
Page 184 and 185: nearly seven hundred kilometres of
Page 186 and 187: It is extremely important to note,
Page 188 and 189: historical public opinion and self-
Page 190 and 191: thousands of Hungarian and Slovak c
Page 192: enewed historiography will also be
Page 195 and 196: we shall turn our attention to two
Page 197 and 198: In response to these questions, two
Page 199 and 200: While more than 80% of the oldest a
Page 201 and 202: Table 2 Opinions of respondents of
Page 203 and 204: 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 ▼
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we consider the trends suggested be
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Resistance and Exile Miguel Angel M
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it was necessary to formulate socia
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degree of generosity, activism and
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the ICFTU. There my work focused on
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After Stalin’s death, most of the
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Moscow versus Prague 219 Boris Orlo
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Of all the problems that my country
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Social Democracy and the Prague Spr
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comprehend the overwhelming contrad
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Renaissance of Socialism Observatio
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My Personal Encounters with History
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Over a decade later, political chan
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monument, its location and particul
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Minister, Dimitri Rupel, I founded
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people exactly know what actually w
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tablished democracies. What was the
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Memory is a Loaded Gun An Epilogue
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Post office, Gdansk
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Solidarność Memorial
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Krzysztof Pomian, a well known Poli
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effective and positive factor in gi
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Martin Schulz, leader of the PSE Gr
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