Politics of the past: the use and abuse of history - Socialists ...

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having always been victims, trying to create taboos concerning certain aspects of their country’s history; R. these forces are trying to monopolize the struggle for freedom on their side and to portray themselves as the true defenders of the ‘national’ interest while some of them even today openly defend the Spanish dictator Franco as the saviour of catholic religion from communism and others revitalize ethnic conflicts of the twenties of the 20 th century; Requests of the Europe Commission that future hearings shall – notwithstanding other issues – cover the following items: 1. Criteria to compare and to distinguish between totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, their dimension and the intensity of repression. 2. An investigation into the different ideologies of the totalitarian and authoritarian regimes of the 20 th century in Europe and the differences and similarities in executing power and treatment of political opponents as well as social entities defined as “enemies” or “racially inferior”. Questions to be answered: 2a. What were the ideological specificities to define “enemies” or “racial inferior” groups inside or outside society? Is there a “totalitarian way of thought”? 2b. What are especially the similarities and differences between the Nazi- and the Stalinist system with reference to - the roles of the communist and Nazi party organization - the extent of control of everyday life - organizing mass loyalty - the modus operandi of the respective terror apparatus - the treatment of political opponents - the treatment of national minorities 163 Helmut Kuhne, Miguel Angel Martinez, Justas Paleckis, Józef PiniorErich Fröschl
- the extinction of human beings on the base of race and the “class categories” - anti-Semitism 2c. Did especially the Nazi- and the Stalinist terror-regimes learn from each other and if yes, how? 2d. Did Nazi-anti-Semitism influence the Stalinist anti-Semitism with reference to ideology and/or techniques of discrimination and persecution? 3. There should be an investigation into the connection between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes during the 20 th century in certain European countries. Questions to be answered: 3a. How did the failure of democratic systems until World War II in certain European countries weaken the potentials of these societies to resist the seizure of power by the totalitarian Stalinist (in the case of the Baltic States) and the totalitarian Nazi-regime (in the case of Germany and Austria)? 3b. To what extent was there forced and on the other hand voluntary involvement of sectors in certain societies with the occupants, especially with the Stalinist terror apparatus and on the other hand with the Holocaust executed by the Nazis? 4. There should be an investigation to the extent there was resistance to occupation and suppression. Questions to be answered: 4a. What were the political grounds and reasons for resistance and what kind of actions were taken? 4b. Were there significant differences in the levels of resistance against Stalinist and Nazi-occupation in those countries that were occupied by both and if yes, what were the reasons? 5. There should be an investigation as to how the consequences of the allied agreements of Tehran and Jalta helped to introduce and stabilize the Stalinist regime in Central and Eastern Europe and the Franco- and Salazar-regimes in Western Europe. 164
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Twenty years after the end of the C
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Dedicated to Bronisław Geremek Bro
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Table of contents Preface: Never Ag
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Preface Never again 7 Martin Schulz
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Preface The Past Does Not Go Away A
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Introduction by the Editors In 2008
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about the tense and ambivalent rela
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another debate formulated by Richar
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theoretical and practical impossibi
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History and national identity Histo
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the subject of much controversy, th
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everything on Stalin and communism:
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Prague Spring: “In the mid-1950s,
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Literature Arendt, Hannah (1951) Th
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Common Memory and European Identity
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cried the Ossies as the Berlin Wall
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the first phase of negotiations aft
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eference to a common destiny, and t
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The ‘enlargement fatigue’ obser
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on each other. The only way of chan
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“The Word Concentration Camp mean
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I think history is essential to thi
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denying it is like saying evil does
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Soviet camp, not because he had don
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Q: In Germany there is a strong fee
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the 17 th century so that the South
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forests near Minsk. I was taken the
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harmonious and prosperous, with the
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were doing and why they were doing
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an explanation. I told him that I e
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This movement once had a big meetin
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guests of Imre Pozsgay, minister of
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HISTORICAL DILEMMAS
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National myths Every society has a
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confessions. The culmination of thi
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First, few countries undertake a th
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Finally, confronted with the experi
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no better placed than governments t
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compartments, and that one must som
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Such an approach certainly has its
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History and Politics: Recommendatio
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The tension between academic histor
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oth a collective and individual exo
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Europe’s responsibilities It is c
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egimes provides a deeper understand
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and accounts for professionals deal
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This shift later inspired the devel
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In Germany, public historical cultu
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Historical Bias in Poland: Lustrati
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The Polish United Workers’ Party
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The right’s criticism of the meth
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epresents one more step in the broa
Page 114 and 115: European Social Democracy and 20 th
Page 116 and 117: the KPD - even now - is not about p
Page 118 and 119: esisted them in many cases. The ove
Page 120 and 121: turned some of them against the SPD
Page 122 and 123: The Interpretation of the Soviet Un
Page 124 and 125: the result of a war of liberation a
Page 126 and 127: Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol? How di
Page 128: pen in Lithuania. The idea was adva
Page 131 and 132: and politician Giovanni Amendola to
Page 133 and 134: The most influential analytical mod
Page 135 and 136: 2. A single mass party consisting o
Page 137 and 138: their differences. Most comparative
Page 139 and 140: communism are legal heirs of the En
Page 141 and 142: the world war and to exculpate the
Page 143 and 144: They also criticized “revisionist
Page 145 and 146: seen above, after careful scrutiny
Page 148 and 149: The Real Problem Latvians Have with
Page 150 and 151: not see it as something important e
Page 152 and 153: structures Latvian domestic politic
Page 154 and 155: the language of instruction in scho
Page 156 and 157: Diversity in Historical Education:
Page 158 and 159: and sometimes in adjustment and ada
Page 160 and 161: For the Record: PSE MEPs react 159
Page 162 and 163: F. especially the Nazi- and the Sta
Page 166: SPECIAL REPORT: SLOVAKS AND HUNGARI
Page 169 and 170: Much has happened in the last two y
Page 171 and 172: The conference concentrated, as the
Page 173 and 174: aristocratic, Estates-based ‘nati
Page 175 and 176: A person’s identification with a
Page 177 and 178: ians to evaluate the extent to whic
Page 179 and 180: more intensive part in forming the
Page 182 and 183: A Common Past, a Divided History 18
Page 184 and 185: nearly seven hundred kilometres of
Page 186 and 187: It is extremely important to note,
Page 188 and 189: historical public opinion and self-
Page 190 and 191: thousands of Hungarian and Slovak c
Page 192: enewed historiography will also be
Page 195 and 196: we shall turn our attention to two
Page 197 and 198: In response to these questions, two
Page 199 and 200: While more than 80% of the oldest a
Page 201 and 202: Table 2 Opinions of respondents of
Page 203 and 204: 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 ▼
Page 205 and 206: we consider the trends suggested be
Page 208 and 209: Resistance and Exile Miguel Angel M
Page 210 and 211: it was necessary to formulate socia
Page 212 and 213: degree of generosity, activism and
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the ICFTU. There my work focused on
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After Stalin’s death, most of the
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Moscow versus Prague 219 Boris Orlo
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Of all the problems that my country
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Social Democracy and the Prague Spr
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comprehend the overwhelming contrad
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Renaissance of Socialism Observatio
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My Personal Encounters with History
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Over a decade later, political chan
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monument, its location and particul
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Minister, Dimitri Rupel, I founded
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people exactly know what actually w
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tablished democracies. What was the
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Memory is a Loaded Gun An Epilogue
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Post office, Gdansk
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Solidarność Memorial
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Krzysztof Pomian, a well known Poli
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effective and positive factor in gi
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Martin Schulz, leader of the PSE Gr
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