Politics of the past: the use and abuse of history - Socialists ...

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and sometimes in adjustment and adaptation. The result can still be observed today. It is interesting to note, as the authors rightly declare, “Loyalty to the dynasty was, as in most medieval and early modern states more important than any ethnic affiliation”. The European Union and its member states are still struggling with this. In teaching the history of the Second World War, the Balkan region is often neglected or at least treated with in passing in a few paragraphs. As the authors of Workbook Four – dealing with the Second World War - state: “A Western perspective has marginalised the part played by South East Europe in World War II and has sometimes subordinated it to long- lasting stereotypes about the region.” German and Italian occupation of the countries of the Balkans reinforced and exploited on-going disputes. The nationalistic elites of the different countries used the opportunity to settle some of their disputes with their neighbours and with some ethnic groups inside their respective countries. The enemy of the enemy often became a tactical friend: hence the Ustasha forces of the puppet state of Croatia, led by Ante Pavelić, included units of Bosnian Muslims which they even called the flowers of the Croatian people. What was clear from the start was the fact that the occupation did not unite the peoples of the region against their foreign occupiers but rather reinforced historic divisions and led to additional hardship and atrocities. The formation of Yugoslavia could only heal these wounds in a very superficial way. The death of Josip Broz Tito was an opportunity for genuine healing that instead was used to re-open traditional conflicts and to forcefully settle disputes of the past. European integration means settling disputes by peaceful negotiation. It would, though, be naive to think that the European integration process automatically erases the past or generates one single interpretation of all the disputes and wars. Every state, every ethnic and national group has to confront itself with its own history and its own behaviour. To do that in an honest and forward looking way requires taking into account of the views of others – both the neighbours across the border and the neighbours inside the border. Alternative Educational Materials are valuable contributions to the history of South East Europe and to anyone looking to see history from the perspective of others. Of course the selection of events 157 Hannes Swoboda
and materials is open to criticism. There is not one truth. But there are enough truths to enable us to form our own opinions and to formulate fact-based and differentiated moral judgements. This is exactly what is needed for anyone who wishes to learn from and overcome past tragedies and create the conditions for the integration of the Balkan region into the European Union. 158
Page 1 and 2:
Twenty years after the end of the C
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Dedicated to Bronisław Geremek Bro
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Table of contents Preface: Never Ag
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Preface Never again 7 Martin Schulz
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Preface The Past Does Not Go Away A
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Introduction by the Editors In 2008
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about the tense and ambivalent rela
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another debate formulated by Richar
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theoretical and practical impossibi
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History and national identity Histo
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the subject of much controversy, th
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everything on Stalin and communism:
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Prague Spring: “In the mid-1950s,
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Literature Arendt, Hannah (1951) Th
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Common Memory and European Identity
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cried the Ossies as the Berlin Wall
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the first phase of negotiations aft
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eference to a common destiny, and t
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The ‘enlargement fatigue’ obser
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on each other. The only way of chan
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“The Word Concentration Camp mean
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I think history is essential to thi
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denying it is like saying evil does
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Soviet camp, not because he had don
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Q: In Germany there is a strong fee
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the 17 th century so that the South
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forests near Minsk. I was taken the
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harmonious and prosperous, with the
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were doing and why they were doing
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an explanation. I told him that I e
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This movement once had a big meetin
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guests of Imre Pozsgay, minister of
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HISTORICAL DILEMMAS
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National myths Every society has a
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confessions. The culmination of thi
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First, few countries undertake a th
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Finally, confronted with the experi
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no better placed than governments t
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compartments, and that one must som
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Such an approach certainly has its
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History and Politics: Recommendatio
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The tension between academic histor
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oth a collective and individual exo
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Europe’s responsibilities It is c
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egimes provides a deeper understand
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and accounts for professionals deal
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This shift later inspired the devel
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In Germany, public historical cultu
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Historical Bias in Poland: Lustrati
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Page 110 and 111: The right’s criticism of the meth
Page 112 and 113: epresents one more step in the broa
Page 114 and 115: European Social Democracy and 20 th
Page 116 and 117: the KPD - even now - is not about p
Page 118 and 119: esisted them in many cases. The ove
Page 120 and 121: turned some of them against the SPD
Page 122 and 123: The Interpretation of the Soviet Un
Page 124 and 125: the result of a war of liberation a
Page 126 and 127: Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol? How di
Page 128: pen in Lithuania. The idea was adva
Page 131 and 132: and politician Giovanni Amendola to
Page 133 and 134: The most influential analytical mod
Page 135 and 136: 2. A single mass party consisting o
Page 137 and 138: their differences. Most comparative
Page 139 and 140: communism are legal heirs of the En
Page 141 and 142: the world war and to exculpate the
Page 143 and 144: They also criticized “revisionist
Page 145 and 146: seen above, after careful scrutiny
Page 148 and 149: The Real Problem Latvians Have with
Page 150 and 151: not see it as something important e
Page 152 and 153: structures Latvian domestic politic
Page 154 and 155: the language of instruction in scho
Page 156 and 157: Diversity in Historical Education:
Page 160 and 161: For the Record: PSE MEPs react 159
Page 162 and 163: F. especially the Nazi- and the Sta
Page 164 and 165: having always been victims, trying
Page 166: SPECIAL REPORT: SLOVAKS AND HUNGARI
Page 169 and 170: Much has happened in the last two y
Page 171 and 172: The conference concentrated, as the
Page 173 and 174: aristocratic, Estates-based ‘nati
Page 175 and 176: A person’s identification with a
Page 177 and 178: ians to evaluate the extent to whic
Page 179 and 180: more intensive part in forming the
Page 182 and 183: A Common Past, a Divided History 18
Page 184 and 185: nearly seven hundred kilometres of
Page 186 and 187: It is extremely important to note,
Page 188 and 189: historical public opinion and self-
Page 190 and 191: thousands of Hungarian and Slovak c
Page 192: enewed historiography will also be
Page 195 and 196: we shall turn our attention to two
Page 197 and 198: In response to these questions, two
Page 199 and 200: While more than 80% of the oldest a
Page 201 and 202: Table 2 Opinions of respondents of
Page 203 and 204: 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 ▼
Page 205 and 206: we consider the trends suggested be
Page 208 and 209:
Resistance and Exile Miguel Angel M
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it was necessary to formulate socia
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degree of generosity, activism and
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the ICFTU. There my work focused on
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After Stalin’s death, most of the
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Moscow versus Prague 219 Boris Orlo
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Of all the problems that my country
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Social Democracy and the Prague Spr
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comprehend the overwhelming contrad
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Renaissance of Socialism Observatio
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My Personal Encounters with History
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Over a decade later, political chan
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monument, its location and particul
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Minister, Dimitri Rupel, I founded
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people exactly know what actually w
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tablished democracies. What was the
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Memory is a Loaded Gun An Epilogue
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Post office, Gdansk
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Solidarność Memorial
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Krzysztof Pomian, a well known Poli
Page 252 and 253:
effective and positive factor in gi
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Martin Schulz, leader of the PSE Gr
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