Politics of the past: the use and abuse of history - Socialists ...

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In Central and Eastern Europe, an experiment is taking place that is known as lustration: the exclusion or punishment of criminals or collaborators associated with the previous regime. Vaclav Havel and Adam Michnik were right to try to avoid a witch-hunt and to look for national reconciliation based on democracy rather than artificially fuelling the fear of an already defeated enemy. It does testify to the need for clear consideration of the nature of communist regimes and for a distinction between leaders, executioners and torturers personally guilty of crimes who should be punished, and the mass of citizens who collaborated with the regime in order to survive and who may or may not be blamed morally but who cannot be confused with the active criminals. The second quite different experiment is that of the truth and reconciliation commissions based on the South African model. Their approaches and results are varied: sometimes they are just the expression of a political compromise resulting from stalemate; sometimes, as in South Africa, they take on a religious or psychoanalytical flavour with an emphasis on confession and forgiveness. The commissions sometimes lead to mutual dissatisfaction but they do testify to the need for reconciliation that is not simply about forgetting the past. Finally there is the innovative and fragile progress of international criminal justice through the creation of the special tribunals on Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and of the International Criminal Court. The balance sheet to date is mixed, to say the least. The process is hampered by its dependence upon states for funding and for the execution of warrants and sentences, as well as by potential conflicts with compromises, for example guarantees of immunity to dictators in return for a relinquishment of power. All these new features of the international judicial scene are imperfect but positive. Whether or not they have succeeded in promoting reconciliation is questionable but in several cases they have certainly helped to establish and make public the truth about a number of dark and disputed episodes of recent wars and genocides. However, it should not be forgotten that these positive results do not represent the main function of these international tribunals – to apply the law according to certain very specific criteria. Judges are 79 Pierre Hassner
no better placed than governments to replace open dialogue between historians, between historians and public opinion, between citizens and within and between democratic societies. This is why this book is such an important initiative. 80
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Twenty years after the end of the C
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Dedicated to Bronisław Geremek Bro
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Table of contents Preface: Never Ag
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Preface Never again 7 Martin Schulz
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Preface The Past Does Not Go Away A
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Introduction by the Editors In 2008
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about the tense and ambivalent rela
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another debate formulated by Richar
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theoretical and practical impossibi
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History and national identity Histo
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the subject of much controversy, th
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everything on Stalin and communism:
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Prague Spring: “In the mid-1950s,
Page 29 and 30: Literature Arendt, Hannah (1951) Th
Page 32 and 33: Common Memory and European Identity
Page 34 and 35: cried the Ossies as the Berlin Wall
Page 36 and 37: the first phase of negotiations aft
Page 38 and 39: eference to a common destiny, and t
Page 40 and 41: The ‘enlargement fatigue’ obser
Page 42 and 43: on each other. The only way of chan
Page 44 and 45: “The Word Concentration Camp mean
Page 46 and 47: I think history is essential to thi
Page 48 and 49: denying it is like saying evil does
Page 50 and 51: Soviet camp, not because he had don
Page 52 and 53: Q: In Germany there is a strong fee
Page 54 and 55: the 17 th century so that the South
Page 56 and 57: forests near Minsk. I was taken the
Page 58 and 59: harmonious and prosperous, with the
Page 60: were doing and why they were doing
Page 63 and 64: an explanation. I told him that I e
Page 65 and 66: This movement once had a big meetin
Page 67 and 68: guests of Imre Pozsgay, minister of
Page 70: HISTORICAL DILEMMAS
Page 73 and 74: National myths Every society has a
Page 75 and 76: confessions. The culmination of thi
Page 77 and 78: First, few countries undertake a th
Page 79: Finally, confronted with the experi
Page 83 and 84: compartments, and that one must som
Page 85 and 86: Such an approach certainly has its
Page 88 and 89: History and Politics: Recommendatio
Page 90 and 91: The tension between academic histor
Page 92 and 93: oth a collective and individual exo
Page 94 and 95: Europe’s responsibilities It is c
Page 96: egimes provides a deeper understand
Page 99 and 100: and accounts for professionals deal
Page 101 and 102: This shift later inspired the devel
Page 103 and 104: In Germany, public historical cultu
Page 106 and 107: Historical Bias in Poland: Lustrati
Page 108 and 109: The Polish United Workers’ Party
Page 110 and 111: The right’s criticism of the meth
Page 112 and 113: epresents one more step in the broa
Page 114 and 115: European Social Democracy and 20 th
Page 116 and 117: the KPD - even now - is not about p
Page 118 and 119: esisted them in many cases. The ove
Page 120 and 121: turned some of them against the SPD
Page 122 and 123: The Interpretation of the Soviet Un
Page 124 and 125: the result of a war of liberation a
Page 126 and 127: Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol? How di
Page 128: pen in Lithuania. The idea was adva
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and politician Giovanni Amendola to
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The most influential analytical mod
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2. A single mass party consisting o
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their differences. Most comparative
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communism are legal heirs of the En
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the world war and to exculpate the
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They also criticized “revisionist
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seen above, after careful scrutiny
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The Real Problem Latvians Have with
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not see it as something important e
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structures Latvian domestic politic
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the language of instruction in scho
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Diversity in Historical Education:
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and sometimes in adjustment and ada
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For the Record: PSE MEPs react 159
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F. especially the Nazi- and the Sta
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having always been victims, trying
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SPECIAL REPORT: SLOVAKS AND HUNGARI
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Much has happened in the last two y
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The conference concentrated, as the
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aristocratic, Estates-based ‘nati
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A person’s identification with a
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ians to evaluate the extent to whic
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more intensive part in forming the
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A Common Past, a Divided History 18
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nearly seven hundred kilometres of
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It is extremely important to note,
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historical public opinion and self-
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thousands of Hungarian and Slovak c
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enewed historiography will also be
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we shall turn our attention to two
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In response to these questions, two
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While more than 80% of the oldest a
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Table 2 Opinions of respondents of
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6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 ▼
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we consider the trends suggested be
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Resistance and Exile Miguel Angel M
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it was necessary to formulate socia
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degree of generosity, activism and
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the ICFTU. There my work focused on
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After Stalin’s death, most of the
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Moscow versus Prague 219 Boris Orlo
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Of all the problems that my country
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Social Democracy and the Prague Spr
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comprehend the overwhelming contrad
Page 228 and 229:
Renaissance of Socialism Observatio
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My Personal Encounters with History
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Over a decade later, political chan
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monument, its location and particul
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Minister, Dimitri Rupel, I founded
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people exactly know what actually w
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tablished democracies. What was the
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Memory is a Loaded Gun An Epilogue
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Post office, Gdansk
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Solidarność Memorial
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Krzysztof Pomian, a well known Poli
Page 252 and 253:
effective and positive factor in gi
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Martin Schulz, leader of the PSE Gr
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