PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE EUROPE? - TU Berlin

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175 Last modified on September 20, 2002 Chapter 5: EU Discourses on Sustainable Development, Transport and Land Use . 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 176 5.2 EU Discourses on Sustainable Development.................................................. 178 5.2.1 Growth with respect for people’s needs and the environment................ 178 5.2.2 From the Treaty of Rome to the 4th Environmental Action Program .... 179 5.2.3 From the Maastricht Treaty to the Treaty of Amsterdam ....................... 181 5.2.4 The Decision on the Review of “Towards Sustainability” ..................... 184 5.2.5 The EU’s New Strategy for Sustainable Development........................... 186 5.2.6 The Gothenburg European Council ........................................................ 189 5.2.7 The EU White Paper on Governance...................................................... 189 5.2.8 EU Input to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development....... 190 5.2.9 Summary Remarks and Prospects for Enlargement................................ 192 5.3 EU Discourses on Sustainable Transport........................................................ 194 5.3.1 The White Paper on the Common Transport Policy............................... 196 5.3.2 The White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment .......... 198 5.3.3 The Common Transport Policy Action Program .................................... 200 5.3.4 The Communication on “Sustainable Mobility”..................................... 200 5.3.5 The Green Paper on the Citizen’s Network ............................................ 201 5.3.6 The White Paper on Fair Payment for Infrastructure Use ...................... 202 5.3.7 Transport-specific Conclusions of the Gothenburg European Council .. 203 5.3.8 The White Paper “EU Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide” ...... 204 5.3.9 The DG TREN Website.......................................................................... 206 5.3.10 Pan-European Declarations on Sustainable Transport............................ 207 5.4 EU Discourses on Sustainable Urban Development....................................... 208 5.4.1 The Communication “Towards an Urban Agenda in the EU” ............... 209 5.4.2 Sustainable Urban Development in the EU: A Framework for Action .. 210 5.4.3 The European Spatial Development Perspective.................................... 211 5.4.4 The EU’s Input Papers to the 9 th UN CSD Conference in 2001............. 212 5.5 The EU’s Research Frameworks: Funding for the Eco-modernist Agenda ... 213 5.6 Conclusions and Open Questions ................................................................... 216
176 5.1 Introduction Previous chapters have presented a comprehensive outline and overview of five different discursive frameworks for sustainable policy-making, claiming that EU policy is influenced by an eco-modernist understanding of sustainable development that avoids a radical confrontation of environmental and social issues. This chapter undertakes a more text-oriented review of the most important documents defining the EU’s understanding of sustainable development, transport and land use in order to support this claim. 1 The following chapter will then present a more structural, comprehensive evaluation of the central biases apparent in EU transport policy. 2 Of course, there are scores of EU documents providing definitions and inputs on the topic of sustainability and sustainable development, but not all documents carry equal weight. In this chapter, I mostly analyze official EU documents, focusing on various legally binding EU treaties and acts, on Commission White and Green Papers, as well as 1 The methodology for the document review was as follows: Every paper (or webpage) was first reviewed for general content. In the vast majority of cases, the documents were available electronically (either in MS Word or Adobe PDF format), so that they could then also be systematically searched for occurrences of phrases such as “sustainable development,” “sustainability,” “transport, “mobility,” “land-use” etc. The extensive cross-referencing common in Commission materials reassured me that no crucial documents were left out of the analysis. Meanwhile, I of course did leave out scores of EU transport policy documents that are not explicitly centered around sustainability discourses – also see the note below. In addition to the actual documents, I reviewed additional press releases, supplementary materials, as well as various (supportive and antagonistic) lobby group reactions to the different Commission papers in order to supplement my own reading of the central contents with what various stakeholders had identified as its key statements. So while often starting off with very text-oriented analyses, I go beyond simple word-by-word document review in almost all individual analyses and instead strive to capture the larger discourses that emerged from a particular document. 2 To clarify: Contrary to the following chapter, the focus in this chapter lies on policy documents expressing official EU rhetoric in the area of sustainability and sustainable transport and mobility. Almost by definition, a review of these documents will not necessarily be sufficient for gaining a full understanding of the conflicted general development objectives influencing EU transport infrastructure investment decisions. Not all EU transport investment decisions even pretend to address sustainability aims. This is why some of the documents analyzed in the following chapter are not discussed in this chapter and vice versa.
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PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE EUROPE?
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planni
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowle
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7.7 Conclusions and Consequences 30
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1.1 Ke
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2 1.1 In Search of a Sustainable Tr
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4 well as ideological ones. Serious
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6 1.3 Situating the Study within th
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8 makes it much more difficult to d
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10 national institution whose legit
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12 Table 1.1: The Three Levels of E
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14 Case studies are often accused o
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16 In adapting this concept of “m
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18 1.6 Personal Motivations for Cho
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20 qualifying as “unbiased” is
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22 Union transport decision-making,
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24 consistent with the needs assess
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26 I structured the resulting inqui
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28 decision-makers. But when focusi
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30 influence of the EU in the candi
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32 on multi-location politicking an
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34 and related propositions form th
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36 information, and evasion of publ
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38 maintenance and construction cos
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40 Printed on October 31, 2002 Last
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42 relationship between transport,
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44 elements are knowledge control,
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46 2.2.2 Macroeconomic aspects of t
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48 existing businesses is reduced.
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50 the qualitative aspects of the i
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52 European researchers warned that
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54 In examining the difficult quest
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56 activity from one place to anoth
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58 The earliest meaning of sustain
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60 The underdevelopment debates of
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62 Kousis et al. 1997) makes the im
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64 to other social scientists. For
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66 Figure 2.2 The Three Dimensions
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68 A recent definition provided by
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70 The Vancouver principles are als
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72 2.5 Two Ill-Defined Concepts? We
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74 “We are all Greens now” unat
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76 a frequently quoted definition,
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78 concept aims to integrate aspect
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80 influence is reflected in severa
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83 and policy-making. For these Hab
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85 Pointing to the ultimate conting
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87 Allmendinger (2002b:77), in a re
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89 everything but one-sided interpr
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91 green consciousness” as the re
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93 course, also scholars propagatin
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95 practitioners and a majority of
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97 strongly agree with these author
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99 Instead, Baker et al. subsumes t
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101 policy analysts to built scient
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103 beliefs, notions of validity an
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105 Printed Thursday, October 31, 2
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107 and capture the most important
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109 4.2 Ecological Modernization: T
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111 modernization as “the discour
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113 metabolism, implies major or ba
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115 defining it as one of two theor
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117 modernization is about “what
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119 and World Bank-funded Global En
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121 The automobile lobby, of course
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123 external environmental and soci
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Page 154 and 155: 143 the “communicative rationalit
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Page 160 and 161: 149 Table 4.3 “Brown” Agenda ve
Page 162 and 163: 151 or the European Investment Bank
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Page 170 and 171: 159 In sum, political economy argum
Page 172 and 173: 161 Table 4.4 The Eight Points of D
Page 174 and 175: 163 International, for example, dem
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Page 178 and 179: 167 Man on a bicycle can go three o
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Page 196 and 197: 185 The 1998 Decision is particular
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Page 232 and 233: 221 longstanding, ongoing and mutua
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225 contradictions of EU decision-m
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227 6.2.3 Enlargement (Widening) Th
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229 sustainability is necessarily b
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231 four poorest member states (Gre
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233 creator of an idea or storyline
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235 The 1990s saw the start of the
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237 the poorer member states to agr
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239 A Cohesion Fund set up by the C
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241 importance of economies of scal
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243 more precise, less optimistic a
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245 based European Federation for T
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247 look at the situation in the Ea
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249 Figure 6.3 The Blue Banana I: A
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251 at the Informal Council of Mini
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253 urban systems are to be found i
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255 In particular, ERT’s 1984 rep
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257 ERT soon created the myth that
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259 Regardless of these different m
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261 Once the “Missing Links” st
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263 most simple form, it is an unqu
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265 For roads, it might be a bypass
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267 agglomerations in the core, the
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269 dissenters of the view that reg
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271 Printed Sunday, November 17, 20
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273 between member states, and pros
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275 having been an intergovernmenta
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277 links are investigated in any f
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279 selection, there was no actual
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281 European ministerial meeting pr
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283 25,310 km for the rail sector a
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285 7.4 The Transport Infrastructur
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287 of the politically defined corr
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289 Figure 7.5 TINA Rail Network So
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291 Figure 7.7 TINA Network Hungary
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293 It is our opinion that the TINA
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295 In Poland, internationally reno
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297 example, the range was in fact
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299 The question of priorities is s
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301 actual choice considering futur
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303 projects and the overall develo
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305 jeopardizing international fund
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307 Figure 7.9 Proposed Hungarian T
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309 In the case of the TINA exercis
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311 With regard to the TINA exercis
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313 Printed on Sunday, November 17,
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315 evaluation. 2 What is possible,
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317 hundreds of EU regulations, dir
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319 First, as far as funding for th
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321 8.2.2 EU Transport Sector Grant
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323 countries will increase substan
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325 is also an explicit goal. The g
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327 1. The Community assistance fin
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329 During the High-Level Meeting i
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331 MTME 1995) was elaborated in 19
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333 In fact, the World Bank agreed
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335 However, due to renewed shifts
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337 describes Polish transport sect
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339 that had previously received mo
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341 Committee, i.e. well over half
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343 moderate increase in private ve
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345 As far as mode specific details
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347 Hungarian National ISPA Strateg
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349 Table 8.4 The Széchenyi Plan
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351 construction contracts, and non
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353 There are thirteen [road sector
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355 Table 8.5 Overview of ISPA Tran
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357 most of the more problematic ch
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359 more up to the CEEC to make sur
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361 new infrastructures, regardless
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363 9.1 Introduction: The Significa
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365 reinvigorated calls to build th
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367 9.2.2 The Northern Section: A h
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369 the environment and living cond
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371 are then listed within the four
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373 more progressive variant of the
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375 9.4 Local and International Pro
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377 The permission plan and the EIA
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379 since only citizens or legal pe
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381 environmental matter. Moreover,
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383 9.5.5 Reexamining the impact of
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385 Orbital motorways do not necess
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387 At this point, a suitable defin
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389 Besides retail and industrial p
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391 Figure 9.2 New construction of
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393 city still shows a strong upwar
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395 Figure 9.8 Budapest’s “Stra
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397 upgrades in and around the Hung
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399 infrastructures, including the
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401 Printed on November 17, 2002 La
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403 challenging and re-evaluating p
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405 10.2 Summary of Previous Chapte
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407 contradictory and ultimately as
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409 storylines are closely aligned
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411 internationally-linked priority
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413 In Chapter 9, I looked at the M
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415 guideposts for interpreting rea
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417 explanations of why “in the e
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419 How far this leverage is then p
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421 decision-making, and instead re
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423 or “congestion.” This is wh
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425 concentration of economic activ
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427 10.4.1 Taking Action on Strateg
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429 brought forward not only by man
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431 Table 10.1 A Two-Dimensional
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433 space. Transport loans are usua
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435 APPENDICES, GLOSSARY, BIBLIOGRA
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437 Table A.2 EIB Transport Loans t
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439 Table A.4 EBRD and IBRD Transpo
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441 Annex II: List of Key Contacts
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443 CEC Tom Robbert SCR, EU lending
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445 NGO Hana Rihkovsky Comm. of Eur
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447 ”Poverty Alleviation through
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449 Annotated Glossary of Terms, Ac
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451 competitiveness and growth of E
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453 Pan-European Corridors See “H
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455 Bibliography Aglietta, M. (1979
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457 the Infrastructure Studies Grou
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459 Centre For European Policy Stud
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461 —— (2001a). A Sustainable E
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463 Dierkes, M., U. Hoffmann, et al
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465 European Parliament. European R
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467 Münster, Lit Verlag. Giunta, A
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469 Henderson, K., Ed. (1999). Back
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471 Kesselring, S. (2001). Mobile P
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473 Race and Class Barriers to Mobi
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475 Europe: a cross-national compar
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477 Studies 36(11): 1849-1858. Prug
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479 Transport Reviews 20(3): 369-38
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481 Future. New York, United Nation
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483 DEIKE PETERS EDUCATION: CURRICU
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