PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE EUROPE? - TU Berlin

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439 Table A.4 EBRD and IBRD Transport Loans in Hungary (1989-2001) 2 PROJECT Sector EBRD 1993 - Budapest Public Transport Rehabilitation Project; for the rehabilitation of the city's public transport Public Transport € 64 EBRD 1997 - MÁV railcar modernization and marketing project - to improve services and financial performance of railway services in Hungary Railway € 40 EBRD 1998 - Hungarian railways - Refurbishment of 235 passenger coaches, the upgrading of up to 250 freight wagons in order to reduce operating and maintenance costs, improve quality of services, increase cost recovery Railway € 40 EBRD 1999 - Budapest Intermodal Logistics Centre, Basic Infrastructure - to help finance private construction of a railway line connection servicing a new private logistics centre in Budapest Railway € 10 EBRD 1992 - Budapest Orbital Motorway; Partial Financing of construction of part of the road network, and consultancy services Roads € 21 Size (Mio) EBRD 1993 - M1-M15 Toll Motorways; Construction of 43 km motorway from Györ to the Austrian border and 15 km motorway towards Bratislava, to be run as toll roads Roads € 126 EBRD 1995 - M5 Toll Motorway - first phase of a motorway to be built and operated by a private, special-purpose company Roads € 120 EBRD 1999 - M1-M15 Motorway Restructured Project - to ensure the continued operation of the motorway Roads € 67 IBRD 1989 - Inv. in rail, trucking, highways, urban transport General $ 95 IBRD 1993 - Highway-rehabilitation, road-safety program Roads $ 90 IBRD 1995 - Budapest Urban Transport - (a) replacement of 50 buses with low-polluting and energy-efficient substitutes; (b) rehabilitation of 47 km of worn out tramway tracks and purchase of track maintenance equipment; (c) automatic vehicle monitoring system Public Transport $ 38 EBRD Hungary (€ 488 million) IBRD Hungary ($ 223 million) Road 69% Public Transit 13% Rail 18% Public Transit 17% Road 40% General 43% Source: Own Compilation using World Bank and EBRD websites and the CEE Bankwatch MDB Database 2 Additionally, there was already a World Bank IBRD loan in the amount of $75 to Hungary in 1985 (Loan Nr. 2557-HU). Besides funding the southern section of the M0, this loan also provided assistance to the Hungarian State Railways (MÁV) and the trucking company Hungarocamion.
440 Figure A.1 TINA Needs 2000-2015 vs. IFI TINA Network Loans 1990-2000 3 TINA Needs Poland 2000-2015 (€36.42 billion) Air & Sea 11% Rail 40% Terminals 0% Road 49% IFI Loans TINA Network Poland 1990-2000 (€ 2.79 billion) Rail 24% Air & Sea 6% Road 70% TINA Needs Hungary 2000-2015 (€10.16 billion) Air & Sea 8% Rail 40% Terminals 7% Road 45% IFI Loans TINA Network Hungary 1990-2000 (€1.13 billion) Air & Sea Rail 2% 29% Road 69% Source: Own compilation using data from the CEE Bankwatch Network, the World Bank, the EBRD, the EIB, and the TINA Final Report 3 The calculation of total international funds for TINA networks excluded all IFI loans for public transit, since these are not relevant for TINA. Also, World Bank funds are somewhat underestimated in the calculated totals, since IBRD credits disbursed in US$ were translated into € at a simple 1$=1€ exchange rate. Since most IBRD funds were road or public transit funds, this means that the actual balance is even more strongly biased in favor of road infrastructures.
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PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE EUROPE?
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planni
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowle
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7.7 Conclusions and Consequences 30
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1.1 Ke
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2 1.1 In Search of a Sustainable Tr
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4 well as ideological ones. Serious
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6 1.3 Situating the Study within th
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8 makes it much more difficult to d
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10 national institution whose legit
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12 Table 1.1: The Three Levels of E
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14 Case studies are often accused o
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16 In adapting this concept of “m
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18 1.6 Personal Motivations for Cho
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20 qualifying as “unbiased” is
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22 Union transport decision-making,
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24 consistent with the needs assess
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26 I structured the resulting inqui
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28 decision-makers. But when focusi
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30 influence of the EU in the candi
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32 on multi-location politicking an
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34 and related propositions form th
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36 information, and evasion of publ
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38 maintenance and construction cos
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40 Printed on October 31, 2002 Last
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42 relationship between transport,
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44 elements are knowledge control,
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46 2.2.2 Macroeconomic aspects of t
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48 existing businesses is reduced.
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50 the qualitative aspects of the i
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52 European researchers warned that
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54 In examining the difficult quest
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56 activity from one place to anoth
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58 The earliest meaning of sustain
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60 The underdevelopment debates of
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62 Kousis et al. 1997) makes the im
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64 to other social scientists. For
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66 Figure 2.2 The Three Dimensions
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68 A recent definition provided by
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70 The Vancouver principles are als
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72 2.5 Two Ill-Defined Concepts? We
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74 “We are all Greens now” unat
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76 a frequently quoted definition,
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78 concept aims to integrate aspect
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80 influence is reflected in severa
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83 and policy-making. For these Hab
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85 Pointing to the ultimate conting
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87 Allmendinger (2002b:77), in a re
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89 everything but one-sided interpr
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91 green consciousness” as the re
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93 course, also scholars propagatin
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95 practitioners and a majority of
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97 strongly agree with these author
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99 Instead, Baker et al. subsumes t
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101 policy analysts to built scient
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103 beliefs, notions of validity an
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105 Printed Thursday, October 31, 2
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107 and capture the most important
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109 4.2 Ecological Modernization: T
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111 modernization as “the discour
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113 metabolism, implies major or ba
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115 defining it as one of two theor
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117 modernization is about “what
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119 and World Bank-funded Global En
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121 The automobile lobby, of course
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123 external environmental and soci
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125 The Australian planning theoris
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127 responsible for rising levels o
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129 principle) for the development
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131 automobility as part and parcel
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133 company Deutsche Bahn is now of
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135 In related studies, car acciden
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137 (2001:2) recently summarized:
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139 excellent, discourse- and rheto
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141 investments in Central Europe.
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143 the “communicative rationalit
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145 by government regulation and fu
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147 industry (certain segments), bi
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149 Table 4.3 “Brown” Agenda ve
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151 or the European Investment Bank
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153 sustainable transport. Quoting
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155 “on the move” while the wea
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157 higher levels of education and
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159 In sum, political economy argum
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161 Table 4.4 The Eight Points of D
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163 International, for example, dem
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165 regions in the world and the ge
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167 Man on a bicycle can go three o
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169 Policy arguments in favor for l
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171 infrastructures with regard to
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173 controversial, issue, since man
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175 Last modified on September 20,
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177 on EU Research Framework Progra
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179 development (March 1995) stress
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181 5.2.3 From the Maastricht Treat
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183 The 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam (T
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185 The 1998 Decision is particular
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187 developments.” This de-coupli
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189 environmentalists also strongly
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191 directly focus on transport iss
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193 foods and subsidized intensive
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195 (as opposed to viewing transpor
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197 in the medium to long term due
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199 document stands out in that it
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201 improving quality,” and “im
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203 infrastructure charging systems
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205 For example, the new White Pape
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207 This online refusal to consider
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209 are seen as being intimately re
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211 transport-related policies, the
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213 5.5 The EU’s Research Framewo
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215 Table 5.2 Transport-relevant Re
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217 perhaps should not, be united i
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219 Printed on Thursday, October 31
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221 longstanding, ongoing and mutua
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223 the Social Science Research Cen
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225 contradictions of EU decision-m
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227 6.2.3 Enlargement (Widening) Th
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229 sustainability is necessarily b
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231 four poorest member states (Gre
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233 creator of an idea or storyline
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235 The 1990s saw the start of the
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237 the poorer member states to agr
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239 A Cohesion Fund set up by the C
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241 importance of economies of scal
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243 more precise, less optimistic a
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245 based European Federation for T
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247 look at the situation in the Ea
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249 Figure 6.3 The Blue Banana I: A
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251 at the Informal Council of Mini
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253 urban systems are to be found i
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255 In particular, ERT’s 1984 rep
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257 ERT soon created the myth that
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259 Regardless of these different m
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261 Once the “Missing Links” st
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263 most simple form, it is an unqu
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265 For roads, it might be a bypass
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267 agglomerations in the core, the
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269 dissenters of the view that reg
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271 Printed Sunday, November 17, 20
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273 between member states, and pros
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275 having been an intergovernmenta
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277 links are investigated in any f
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279 selection, there was no actual
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281 European ministerial meeting pr
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283 25,310 km for the rail sector a
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285 7.4 The Transport Infrastructur
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287 of the politically defined corr
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289 Figure 7.5 TINA Rail Network So
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291 Figure 7.7 TINA Network Hungary
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293 It is our opinion that the TINA
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295 In Poland, internationally reno
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297 example, the range was in fact
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299 The question of priorities is s
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301 actual choice considering futur
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303 projects and the overall develo
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305 jeopardizing international fund
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307 Figure 7.9 Proposed Hungarian T
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309 In the case of the TINA exercis
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311 With regard to the TINA exercis
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313 Printed on Sunday, November 17,
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315 evaluation. 2 What is possible,
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317 hundreds of EU regulations, dir
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319 First, as far as funding for th
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321 8.2.2 EU Transport Sector Grant
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323 countries will increase substan
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325 is also an explicit goal. The g
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327 1. The Community assistance fin
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329 During the High-Level Meeting i
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331 MTME 1995) was elaborated in 19
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333 In fact, the World Bank agreed
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335 However, due to renewed shifts
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337 describes Polish transport sect
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339 that had previously received mo
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341 Committee, i.e. well over half
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343 moderate increase in private ve
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345 As far as mode specific details
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347 Hungarian National ISPA Strateg
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349 Table 8.4 The Széchenyi Plan
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351 construction contracts, and non
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353 There are thirteen [road sector
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355 Table 8.5 Overview of ISPA Tran
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357 most of the more problematic ch
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359 more up to the CEEC to make sur
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361 new infrastructures, regardless
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363 9.1 Introduction: The Significa
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365 reinvigorated calls to build th
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367 9.2.2 The Northern Section: A h
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369 the environment and living cond
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371 are then listed within the four
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373 more progressive variant of the
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375 9.4 Local and International Pro
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377 The permission plan and the EIA
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379 since only citizens or legal pe
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381 environmental matter. Moreover,
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383 9.5.5 Reexamining the impact of
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385 Orbital motorways do not necess
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387 At this point, a suitable defin
Page 400 and 401: 389 Besides retail and industrial p
Page 402 and 403: 391 Figure 9.2 New construction of
Page 404 and 405: 393 city still shows a strong upwar
Page 406 and 407: 395 Figure 9.8 Budapest’s “Stra
Page 408 and 409: 397 upgrades in and around the Hung
Page 410 and 411: 399 infrastructures, including the
Page 412 and 413: 401 Printed on November 17, 2002 La
Page 414 and 415: 403 challenging and re-evaluating p
Page 416 and 417: 405 10.2 Summary of Previous Chapte
Page 418 and 419: 407 contradictory and ultimately as
Page 420 and 421: 409 storylines are closely aligned
Page 422 and 423: 411 internationally-linked priority
Page 424 and 425: 413 In Chapter 9, I looked at the M
Page 426 and 427: 415 guideposts for interpreting rea
Page 428 and 429: 417 explanations of why “in the e
Page 430 and 431: 419 How far this leverage is then p
Page 432 and 433: 421 decision-making, and instead re
Page 434 and 435: 423 or “congestion.” This is wh
Page 436 and 437: 425 concentration of economic activ
Page 438 and 439: 427 10.4.1 Taking Action on Strateg
Page 440 and 441: 429 brought forward not only by man
Page 442 and 443: 431 Table 10.1 A Two-Dimensional
Page 444 and 445: 433 space. Transport loans are usua
Page 446 and 447: 435 APPENDICES, GLOSSARY, BIBLIOGRA
Page 448 and 449: 437 Table A.2 EIB Transport Loans t
Page 452 and 453: 441 Annex II: List of Key Contacts
Page 454 and 455: 443 CEC Tom Robbert SCR, EU lending
Page 456 and 457: 445 NGO Hana Rihkovsky Comm. of Eur
Page 458 and 459: 447 ”Poverty Alleviation through
Page 460 and 461: 449 Annotated Glossary of Terms, Ac
Page 462 and 463: 451 competitiveness and growth of E
Page 464 and 465: 453 Pan-European Corridors See “H
Page 466 and 467: 455 Bibliography Aglietta, M. (1979
Page 468 and 469: 457 the Infrastructure Studies Grou
Page 470 and 471: 459 Centre For European Policy Stud
Page 472 and 473: 461 —— (2001a). A Sustainable E
Page 474 and 475: 463 Dierkes, M., U. Hoffmann, et al
Page 476 and 477: 465 European Parliament. European R
Page 478 and 479: 467 Münster, Lit Verlag. Giunta, A
Page 480 and 481: 469 Henderson, K., Ed. (1999). Back
Page 482 and 483: 471 Kesselring, S. (2001). Mobile P
Page 484 and 485: 473 Race and Class Barriers to Mobi
Page 486 and 487: 475 Europe: a cross-national compar
Page 488 and 489: 477 Studies 36(11): 1849-1858. Prug
Page 490 and 491: 479 Transport Reviews 20(3): 369-38
Page 492 and 493: 481 Future. New York, United Nation
Page 494: 483 DEIKE PETERS EDUCATION: CURRICU
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