Special Issue IOSOT 2013 - Books and Journals

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108 D. Pardee / Vetus Testamentum IOSOT (2013) 99-108 “witness”). The elucidation of the precise linear relationship between Ugaritic *yāpiḥu and Hebrew yp( y)ḥ must await the discovery of further evidence. In summary: Hebrew yp( y)ḥ is a verbal adjective (active participle) which, like its synonym ʿēd, functions as a noun. Semantically it is a synonym of ʿēd and is used as the learned counterpart of ʿēd for purposes of forming parallelism. Its root is ypḥ, related morphologically and semantically to Ugaritic *yāpiḥu, but the evidential links between the two languages are missing.
Vetus Testamentum IOSOT (2013) 109-112 Vetus Testamentum brill.com/vt Sheol and the Sons of Belial J. A. Emerton Cambridge It is not the aim of the present note to list the various attempts that have been made to explain beliyyaʿal. That task has been well and concisely performed by D. Winton Thomas in his article “beliyyaʿal in the Old Testament” in J. N. Birdsall and R. W. Thomson (ed.), Biblical and Patristic Studies in Memory of Robert Pierce Casey (Freiburg, etc., 1963), pp. 11-19. Nor is it to consider the developed sense in which it was used in the intertestamental period. It is, rather, to question one particular type of theory that has been widely accepted, namely, that the word denotes Sheol, the underworld. The passage in the Old Testament that has been regarded as particularly strong evidence for the identification of beliyyaʿal with Sheol is 2 Sam. xxii 5-6 = Ps. xviii 5-6. There mišberê-māwet (ḥeblê-māwet in Ps. xviii) is parallel to wenaḥălê beliyyaʿal in v. 5, and ḥeblê šeʾôl to môqešê māwet in v. 6. The psalmist is threatened by such dangers until God pulls him to safety from mayim rabbîm in v. 17. Thomas (pp. 15-16) notes the theory that beliyyaʿal is a compound noun consisting of the negative particle belî and yaʿal, an apocopated imperfect of ʿālâ “to come up”. Sheol is thus thought to be the place from which one does not come up again, and scholars have compared Job vii 9: yôrēd šeʾôl lōʾ yaʿăleh “he that goes down to Sheol does not come up”. Similarly Ps. xli 9 refers to deber beliyaʿal, which is translated “fatal disease”, and then says lōʾ-yôsîp lāqûm “he will not rise up again”. Thomas also notes other theories, such as the view that the verb is in the hiphʿil and that beliyaʿal means “he who does not allow coming up from the dead”, or the opinion that the word is an adaptation of “the Babylonian Bililu, goddess of the underworld”. While Thomas maintains that beliyaʿal is a word denoting Sheol, he is not satisfied with any of the etymologies noted above. He points out that “the use of belî as a negative of a verb is rare”, and that the abbreviation of yaʿăleh is “strange” (p. 16, following Driver [see below], p. 53). He offers a different explanation, which is borrowed, in part, from what G. R. Driver says in ZAW © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 1987 DOI: 10.1163/15685330-12340009
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