Radar System Engineering

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454 THE RECEI VIA-G SYSTEM-RADAIi RECEIVERS [SEC. 127 pulling exists, the magnetron and local oscillator will not hold constant frequency to one part in several thousand for several hours, nor will they vary together in some predictable manner. Variations in voltage, temperature, and pressure all produce frequency changes. Frequent tune-up by the operator, using echoes, is not dependable since serious deterioration in the sensitivity of a radar, such as that caused by drifting out of tune, is not immediately obvious on the scope. Also, in a ship on the open ocean or in an airplane over the ocean, there may often be no ‘Wtargets For these reasons, an automaticfrequency-control circuit, AFC, has come to be a standard part of all radar sets. It is an electronic servo-mechanism that tunes the local oscillator in FIG. 12.11 .—Height of discriminator such a way that the proper difference output pulses, where fo is the transmitter frequency and f; is the intermediate frequency between it and the magfrequency. netron is maintained. The speed of tuning can usually be great enough to follow any pulling of the magnetron that may occur during the scanning cycle. In the case of beacon reception, automatic frequency control maintains the local oscillator at a predetermined frequency that is higher or lower than the frequency of the distant beacon transmitter by just the intermediate frequency. <strong>Radar</strong> AFC,—A1l forms of radar AFC work on the same basic principle. Part of the local-oscillator power is mixed, in a crystal, with a small fraction of the magnetron power drawn out during transmission of the pulse. The difference frequency is applied to a frequencY-discriminator circuit whose crossover is set at the intermediate frequency. rhe variation of the height of discriminator output pulses as a function af local-oscillator frequency is shown in Fig. 12.11. These pulses are integrated or otherwise converted to a voltage, which is applied to a control electrode of the local oscillator in the proper sense to push the frequency toward the crossover of the discriminator curve. This makes a degenerative feedback loop, and the frequency of the local oscillator is held very near the crossover point on the curve. As shown in Fig. 11.22 (Sec. 11.7), the voltage on the reflector of a reflex klystron of the type used as a local oscillator tunes the tube over a range of about 30 to 70 Me/see. Some local oscillators are also thermally tuned by means of a control electrode which is the grid of an auxiliary triode. This provides slow tuning over a much wider frequency range (see Vol. 7 of this series).. A block diagram of a typical AFC system is shown in Fig. 12.12. The dotted portions are the additions necessary to include beacon AFC
SEC. 12.7] A UTOMA TIC FREQUENCY CONTROL 455 in the system; these will be discussed in the next section. In the simplest type of radar AFC, the integrated discriminator pulse output, suitably amplified, would go directly to the reflector of the local oscillator. This “hold in” type of AFC requires manual tuning each time the radar is turned on. The sawtooth generator shown in the block diagram converts the circuit to the more desirable “search and lock” type. The sawtooth “sweeps” the local-oscillator frequent y until the change in polarity of the discriminator output when “crossover” is reached results ATR swtch Antenna Attenuator _ AFc mIxer ,. -.,,- -\r__-7 I F ampl,fier and d,scr,. ml”ator I B--z$!:--[i@ FIG.1212.-Block diagram of typical AFC; beacon AFC portion is shown as dotted line in signals of proper polarity to operate a circuit which stops the sawtooth. This circuit will find the correct frequency if crossover is anywhere within the electronic tuning range of the local oscillator. Half a second is a typical period of one sawtooth search cycle. The r-f part of the block diagram shows a double mixer that has separate crystals for the radar and AFC functions, both receiving power from the radar local oscillator. This permits the AFC crystal to be operated at a predetermined power level. The alternative-taking the AFC information from the output signal of the radar crystal arising from transmitter power that leaks through the TR switch-has been used but suffers from serious disadvantages. The leakage power may be 10 to 20 times that desired for most favorable operation of the crystal, and is variable from one TR tube to another. An even more serious difficulty is caused by the “ spike” energy, which, because it occurs as an extremely short pulse, contains a very wide range of frequency components. Spurious frequencies present in the spike mask the desired inf ormat ion. A successful corrective has been to suppress the i-f amplifier
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BY LOUIS N.
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4 IN TRODUC7”ION [SEC.1.2 flik~c
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6 INTRODUCTION [SEC.1.3 pulse leaki
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8 INTRODUCTION [SEC.1.4 antenna is
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10 INTRODUCTION [SEC.14 step in out
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12 INTRODUCTION [SEC.1.5 where high
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14 INTRODUCTION [SEC.1.6 England, F
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16 INTRODUCTION [SEC.1°7 Microwave
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CHAPTER 2 THE lU.DAR EQUATION BY E.
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20 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.22 radia
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22 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.25 Again
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24 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.5 time
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26 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.5 smal
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28 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.!2.7 lim
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30 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.28 Anoth
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32 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.28 first
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34 TIIE RADAR EQUATION [Sm. 29 the
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36 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.10 (Vo
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38 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.210 prac
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40 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.10 tai
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42 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.11 swe
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44 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.11 res
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46 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.211 Alth
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48 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.212 othe
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50 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.212 The
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52 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC. 2.12 Th
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54 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.213 smal
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56 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC. 2.14 an
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58 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.15 not
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60 TIIE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.2.15 wt
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62 THE RADAR EQUATION [SEC.215 per
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64 PROPERTIES OF RADAR TARGETS [SEC
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66 PROPERTIES OF RADAR TARGET,S [SE
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PROPERTIES OF RADAR TARGETS [SEC.37
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88 PROPERTIES OF R.41~.l R T.-lRGE~
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92 PROPERTIES OF RA1l.4R TARGETS [S
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SEC.315] STRUCTURES 99 example, the
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SF,C. 3.16] CITIES 101 reflection w
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SEC. 3.16] CITIES 103 signal repres
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SEC. 3.16] CITIES 105 four signals
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108 PROPERTIES OF RADAR TARGETS [SE
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112 PROPERTIES OF RADAR TARGETS [SE
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CHAPTER 4 LIMITATIONS OF PULSE RADA
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118 LIMITATIONS OF PULSE RADAR [SEC
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122 LIMITATIONS OF PC’LSE RADAR [
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128 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 5.1 tar
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130 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [sm. 53 point
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132 C-W RADAR S’YSTEMS [SEC.56 bi
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134 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 56 tran
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136 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 5.6 int
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138 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC, 5.6 rel
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140 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC 37 and j
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142 C-II’ RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 57
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144 C-W RADAR SYSTE.JfS [SEC. 58 gi
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146 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 58 Modu
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148 C-T RA DAR S YSTE.lf S [SEC. 59
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150 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 5.11 cy
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152 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC.5.11 Now
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154 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC.5.11 exc
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156 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 5.11 in
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158 C-W RADAR SYSTEMS [SEC. 5.12 Pu
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CHAPTER 6 THE GATHERING AND PRESENT
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162 THE GATHERING AND PRESENTATION
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168 THE GATHERING AND pRESENTA TION
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~70 THE GATHERING AND PRESENTA TION
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SEC. 66] PLANE DISPLAYS INVOLVING E
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SEC. 69] IiARLY AIRCRAFT-WARNING RA
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SEC. 69] EARLY AIRCRAFT-WARNING RAD
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f$Ec. 69] EARLY AIRCRAFT-WARNING RA
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SEC. 6.9] EARLY AIRCRAFT-WARNING RA
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SEC. 6.10] PPI RADAR FOR SEARCH, CO
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SEC. 6.11] HEIGHT-FINDING INVOLVING
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SEC.6.12] HEIGHT-FINDING WITH A FRE
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- - -— . .. —-— - .. —-.
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SEC. 612] HEIGHT-FINDING J~ITH A FR
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SEC. 6.13] HOMING 197 ber of the pa
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SEC.6.13] HOMING 199 usually made t
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SEC. 6.13] HOMING 201 application,
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SEC. 6.14] PRECISION TRACKING OF A
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SEC.6.14] PRECISION TRACKING OF A S
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SEC. 614] PRECISION TRACKING OF A S
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f$Ec. 614] PRECISION TRACKING OF A
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SEC. 615] PRECISION TRACKING DURING
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CHAPTER 7 THE EMPLOYMENT OF RADAR D
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SEC.72] AIDS TO INDIVIDUAL NAVIGATI
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SEC. 7.2] AIDS TO INDIVIDUAL NAVIGA
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SEC. 73] AIDS TO PLOTTING AND CONTR
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SEC.7.3] AIDS TO PLOTTING AND CONTR
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SEC.7.3] AIDS TO PLOTTING AND CONTR
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SEC. 7.4] THE RELAY OF RADAR DISPLA
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SEC. 7.51 RA DAR IN THE RAF FIGHTER
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SEC. 7.6] THE U.S. TACTICAL AIR COM
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SEC.7.6] THE U.S. TACTICAL AIR COMM
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238 THE EMPLOYMENT OF RA DAR DATA [
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240 THE EMPLOYiWENT OF RADAR DATA [
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242 THE EMPLOYMENT OF RADAR DATA [S
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244 RADAR BEACONS [SEC. 8 duration
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246 RADAR BEACONS [SEC. 8.1 beacons
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248 RADAR BEACONS [SEC.8.1 4. Porta
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250 RADAR BEACONS [SEC.8.2 Table 8.
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252 RADAR BEACONS [SEC.84 restricte
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254 RADAR BEACONS [SEC. 85 radar se
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256 RADAR BEACONS [SEC.85 In the ca
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258 It Al)AIt BEACONS [S,,c, S3 Sim
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SEC. 86] FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS 2
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SEC. 87] INTERR~A TION CODES 263 wi
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SEC. 8.9] TRAFFIC CAPACITY 265 diff
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SEC.8.9] TRAFFIC CAPACITY 267 which
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270 RADAR BEACONS [SEC. 810 range a
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272 ANTENNAS, SCANNERS, A.VD STABIL
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274 ANTENNAS, SCANNERS, AND ST ABIL
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276 ANTENNAS, SCANNERS, AND STABILI
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SEC. 913] THE AN/APQ-7 (EAGLE) SCAN
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SEC.913] THE AN/APQ-7 (EAGLE) SCANN
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SEC. 9.14] SCHWA RZSCHILD ANTENNA 2
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SEC. 9.14] SCH WA RZSCHILD ANTENNA
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SEC. 9.15] SCI HEIGHT FINDER 299 de
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SEC.9.15] SCI HEIGHT FINDER 301 In
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SEC.916] OTHER TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
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SEC,9.17] STABILIZATION OF THE BEAM
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SEC. 9.17] STABILIZATION OF’ THE
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SEC. 9.17] STABILIZATION OF THE BEA
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t$Ec. 9,18] DATA STABILIZATION 311
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SEC. 920] INSTALLATION OF SURFACE-B
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SEC. 922] STREA MLIA”ING 315 func
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SEC. 9.25] EXAMPLES OF RADOMES 317
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SEC.9.25] EXAMPLES OF RADOMES 319 a
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SEC. 10.1] CONSTRUCTION 321 of the
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SEC. 10.1] CONSTRUCTION 323 later r
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SEC.10.2] THE RESONANT SYSTEM 325 m
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SEC. 1021 THE RESONANT SYSTEM 327
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SEC. 10.2] THE RESONANT SYSTEM 329
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SEC. 103] ELECTRON ORBITS AIVD THE
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SEC. 103] ELECTRON ORBITS AND THE S
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SEC. 103] ELECTRON ORBITS AND THE S
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SEC. 10.4] PERFORMANCE CHARTS AND R
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SEC. 10.4] PEIWORMilNCE CHARTS AND
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SEC. 10.5] MAGNETRON CHARACTERISTIC
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SEC.105] MAGNETRON CHARACTERISTICS
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SEC. 105] MAGNETRON CHARACTERISTICS
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SEC. 10.5] MAGNETRON CHARACTERISTIC
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SEC. 10.6] MAQNETRON CHARACTERISTIC
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L%C. 10.6] MAGNETRON CHARACTERISTIC
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SEC. 10.7] PULSER CIRCUITS 357 and
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SEC. 10.7] PULSER CIRCUITS 359 tude
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SEC. 10.7] PULSER CIRCUITS 361 cen~
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SEC. 108] LOAD REQUIREMENTS 363 TAB
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SEC. 10.8] LOAD REQUIREMENTS 365 to
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SEC. 109] THE HARD-TUBE P ULSEh? 36
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SEC. 10.9] THE HARD-TUBE P ULSER 36
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SEC 10.9] THE HARD-lUBE PULSER 371
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Sl?lc.10.91 LINE-TYPE PULSERS 373 D
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SEC. 10,10] LINE-TYPE PULSERS 375 i
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SEC. 10.10] LINE-TYPE PULSERS 377 I
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SEC. 10.10] LINE-T YPE PULSERS 379
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SEC. 10.10] LINE-TYPE PULSERS 381 T
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SEC.10.11] MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
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SEC. 1011] MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
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R-F CHAPTER 11 COMPONENTS BY A. E.
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SEC.11.2] COAXIAL LINES 393 Why a M
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SEC.11.2] COAXIAL LINES 395 lines h
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SEC.11.2] COAXIAL LINES 397 since n
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SEC,113] JVA VEGUIDE 399 than a qua
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i?EC. 11.3] WA VEGUIDE 401 too grad
Page 403 and 404: SEC. 113) WA VEGUIDE 403 types of m
Page 405 and 406: SEC. 11.4] RESONANT CAVITIES 405 co
Page 407 and 408: SEC. 11.5] D,C”PLEXING AND TR SWI
Page 409 and 410: SEC. 115] DUPLEXING AND TR SWITCHES
Page 411 and 412: SEC. 11.5] DUPLEXING AND TR SWITCHE
Page 413 and 414: SEC.11.6] THE MIXER CRYSTAL 413 sem
Page 415 and 416: SEC. 11.7] THE LOCAL OSCILLATOR 415
Page 417 and 418: SEC. 11 .8] THE MIXER 417 minimum l
Page 419 and 420: SEC.11.10] REASONS FOR AN R-F PACKA
Page 421 and 422: SEC. 11.11] DESIGN CONSZDERA TZONS
Page 423 and 424: SEC.11.11] DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FO
Page 425 and 426: SEC. 11.12] ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES O
Page 427 and 428: SEC. 11°12] ILL US’TRA TIVE EXAM
Page 429 and 430: SEC. 11.12] ILL USTRA TIVE EXAMPLES
Page 431 and 432: SEC.11.12] ILL US1’IiA TI VE EXA
Page 433 and 434: CHAPTER 12 THE RECEIVING SYSTEM—R
Page 435 and 436: SEC. 122] A TYPICAL RECEIVING SYSTE
Page 437 and 438: SEC.12.2] A TYPICAL RECEIVING SYSTE
Page 439 and 440: SEC. 122] A TYPICAL RECEIVING SYSTE
Page 441 and 442: SEC.12.3] SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN RADAR
Page 443 and 444: SEC.12.4] I-F AMPLIFIER DESIGN 443
Page 445 and 446: SEC.12.4] I-F AMPLIFIER DESIGN 445
Page 447 and 448: SEC.124] I-F AMPLIFIER DESIGN 447 i
Page 449 and 450: SEC. 125] SECOND DETECTOR 449 This
Page 451 and 452: SEC.12.6] VIDEO AMPLIFIERS 451 ampl
Page 453: SEC.12.7] A UTOMA TIC FREQUENCY CON
Page 457 and 458: S~C. 128] PROTECTION AGAINST EXTRAN
Page 459 and 460: SEC. 128] PROTECTION AGAINST EXTRAN
Page 461 and 462: SEC. 12.8] PROTECTION AGAINST E-YTR
Page 463 and 464: &- L,-self resonant COIIS at mterme
Page 465 and 466: J All resistors~ watt Interstate co
Page 467 and 468: SEC. 12.10] LIGHTH”EIGIIT AIRBOR.
Page 469 and 470: s, 0.001 $180 b To reflector To sea
Page 471 and 472: + 180v T +120V 470 470 470 470 e“
Page 473 and 474: SEC.12.11] AN EXTREMELY WIDEBAND RE
Page 475 and 476: CHAPTER 13 THE RECEIVING SYSTEM—I
Page 477 and 478: SEC.13.1] ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
Page 479 and 480: SEC 13.2] CATHODE-RAY TUBE SCREENS
Page 481 and 482: SEC.13.2] CATHODE-RAY TUBE SCREENS
Page 483 and 484: SEC. 13.3] SELECTIO.V OF THE CATHOD
Page 485 and 486: SEC. 13.3] SELECTION OF THE CATHODE
Page 487 and 488: SEC. 13.4] ANGLE-DATA TRANSMITTERS
Page 489 and 490: SEC.13.4] ANGLE-DATA TRANSMITTERS 4
Page 491 and 492: SEC. 13.5] ELECTROMECHANICAL REPEAT
Page 493 and 494: SEC. 13.6] AMPLIFIERS 493 whence th
Page 495 and 496: SEC. 13.6] AMPLIFIERS 495 by using
Page 497 and 498: SEC. 13.7] GENERA TION OF RECTANGUL
Page 499 and 500: SEC. 13.7] GENERATION OF RECTANGULA
Page 501 and 502: . SEC. 13.8] GENERA TION OF SHARP P
Page 503 and 504: SEC. 139] ELECTRONIC SWITCHES 503 T
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SEC. 13.9] ELECTRONIC SWITCHES 505
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SEC. 13.9] ELECTRO.VIC ISWI TCHES 5
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SEC. 13.9] ELECTRONIC SWITCHES 509
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SEC. 1310] SAWTOOTH GENERATORS 511
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SEC.13.10] SAWTOOTH GE,VBliATOh?S 5
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SEC. 1311] ANGLE INDICES 515 bright
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SEC. 13.11] ANGLE INDICES 517 the s
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. . “4 100k.lw $4.7k-lw .& t, T 0
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SEC.K3.121 RANGE AND HEIGIiT INDICE
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i%C.13121 RANGE AND HEIGHT INDICES;
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SEC. 13.13] DESIGN OF A-SCOPES 525
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SEC. 1313] DESIGN OF A-SCOPES 527 f
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SEC.1314] B-SCOPE DESIGN 529 \
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SEC. 13.14] B-SCOPE DESIG.V 531 wil
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Trigger I I I (CT)Sawtooth —. (A)
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SEC.1316] RESOLVED TIME BASE PPI 53
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SEC. 13.16] RESOLVED mi? TIME BASE
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SEC. 13.17] RESOLVED-CURRENT PPI 53
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SEC. 13.17] RESOLVED-CURRENT PPI 54
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+ 200V— — — J 60k . Llk )k 60
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SEC. 13.19] 1’HE RANGB-ll EIGII1
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SEL!. 13.19] THE RANGE-HEIGHT INDIC
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SEC. 13.20] RESOLUTION AND CONTRAST
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SEC. 13.211 SPECIAL RECEIVING TECHN
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554 THE RECEIVING SYSTEM-INDICATORS
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556 PRIME POWER SUPPLIES FOR RADAR
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. . . 0.9 P~- 860-’CPS CF over 2
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Page 562 and 563:
562 PRIME POWER SLTPPLIES FOR RADAR
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SEC. 14.6] SPEED REGULATORS 575 ‘
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SEC. 146] SPEED REGULATORS 577 havi
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SEC. 14.7] DYNAMOTORS 579 14.7. Dyn
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SEC.14.8] VIBRATOR POWER SUPPLIES 5
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SEC. 1410] FIXED LOCATIONS 583 port
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SEC. 14.13] ULTRAPORTABLE UNITS 585
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SEC. l’k~~] SHIP RADAR SYSTEMS 58
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SEC. 151] INTRODCCTIO,\- 589 the pr
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SEC, 152] NEED FOR SYSTEM TESTING 5
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SEC, 153] INITIAL PLANNING AND OBJE
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SEC. 15.4] THE RANGE EQUATION 595 n
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SEC. 15.5] CHOICE OF PULSE LENGTH 5
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SEC. 15.7] AZIMUTH SCAN RATE 599 to
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SEC. 15.8] CHOICE OF BEAM SHAPE 601
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SEC. 15.8] CHOICE OF BEAM SHAPE 603
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SEC. 15.9] CHOICE OF WAVELENGTH 605
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SEC. 15.10] COMPONENTS DESIGN 607 1
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SEC.16.11] MODIFICA TIO.VS A,YD ADD
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SEC. 15.12] DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND L
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SEC. 15.12] DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND L
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SEC. 15.13] GENERAL DESIGN OF THE A
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SEC. 15.14] DETAILED DESIGN OF THE
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SEC. 15.14] DETAILED DESIGN OF THE
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,/ / /“)4 Providenc~ (b) Fm. 16.1
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624 EXAMPLES OF RADAR SYSTEM DESIGN
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CHAPTER 16 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION
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628 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION [SEC,
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630 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION [SEC.
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632 MOVING TARGET INDICATION [SEC.
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. 646 MOVING- TARGET INDICATION [SE
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648 MOVING- TARGET lNDICA TION [SEC
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652 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION [SEC 1
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656 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION [SEC.1
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658 When o = Othe instead MOVING-TA
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662 MOVING TARGET INDICATION [SEC.1
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670 MO VINGTARGET INDICATION [SEC.
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672 MOVING TARGET INDICATION [SEC.1
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674 MOVING- TARGET INDICATION [SEC.
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676 MOVING-TARGET INDICATION ~SEC.
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CHAPTER 17 RADAR RELAY BY L. J. HAW
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682 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 172 transmitt
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684 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.3 staggeri
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686 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.4 excluded
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688 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 174 long sign
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h Video I 1 I Angle marks RADAR REL
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692 [SEC. 175 ḇ 1 1 1 I ~ LKal tr
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694 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.5 generato
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696 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.6 station
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698 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.6 Video si
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700 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 176 train. Th
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702 RADAR RELAY [SEC.17.7 be obtain
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704 RADAR RELAY @EC. 17.7 illustrat
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[11 1 Bas,c pulse I %e pulse i ~--.
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708 RADAR ltELA Y [SEC. 1743 wave f
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710 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.8 actual m
Page 712 and 713:
. 712 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.9 Such a
Page 714 and 715:
714 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.10 between
Page 716 and 717:
716 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.10 signal
Page 718 and 719:
718 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.11 suppres
Page 720 and 721:
720 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.12 provide
Page 722 and 723:
722 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.13 relay l
Page 724 and 725:
724 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.14 TaLE 17
Page 726 and 727:
726 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.15 RADAR R
Page 728 and 729:
728 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.15 Modulat
Page 730 and 731:
730 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.15 the sec
Page 732 and 733:
732 RADAR RELAY [SEC. 17.10 pulses
Page 734 and 735:
734 RADAR RELAY [f+iEc.17.16 The vi
Page 737 and 738:
Index A Absorbent materials, 69 Abs
Page 739 and 740:
INDEX 739 B-scope, electrostatic, 5
Page 741 and 742:
INDEX 741 Fairbank, W. M.,80 F Fan
Page 743 and 744:
INDEX ’743 Microwave, reason for
Page 745 and 746:
INDEX 745 Radar, pulse,3 range perf
Page 747 and 748:
INDEX 747 Signal, interference of,
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Radar System Engineering

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