Moravian Preservation Master Plan.indb - Society for College and ...

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Moravian College • Preservation Master Plan 1.3 How the Preservation Plan Is Organized The Moravian College Preservation Master Plan is divided into ten chapters. The preservation plan begins with a historic overview and a chapter placing the College into larger historic contexts. Next is a chapter on stewardship, which introduces federal preservation standards and outlines the proposed preservation approach for Moravian College. This is followed by a review of existing landscape and building resources, including a summary of their significance, historical integrity, and existing conditions. The final chapters provide guidelines for treatment and maintenance of the College’s historic resources and for compatible new construction. John Milner Associates • October 2009 • Chapter 1 • Introduction • 4
Moravian College • Preservation Master Plan Chapter Two Historic Overview of Moravian College 2.0 Introduction Moravian College has a long and rich history. Closely intertwined with the establishment of Bethlehem and Moravian theology and culture, today’s college is the descendant of two distinguished Moravian educational institutions, which served both men and women over the course of two centuries before merging in 1954. The founders of these schools were also instrumental in the settlement and growth of Moravian Bethlehem. Though Bethlehem’s era as an exclusively Moravian settlement is long gone, Moravian College and its parent schools have perpetuated some of the Moravian faith’s most cherished educational and cultural values into the present day, and kept this legacy relevant to generations of students. 2.1 Bethlehem: Moravian Capital to Industrial Giant Natural and Scenic Qualities of Bethlehem The earliest part of Bethlehem, including the entirety of today’s Priscilla Payne Hurd Campus, stands atop a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Lehigh River and Monocacy Creek. The site is part of the Great Valley, a large limestone formation measuring eight to twelve miles in width, which curves north into New Jersey and south through Pennsylvania into Maryland and Virginia. The site is part of the Lehigh River drainage area. The Lehigh River flows eastward to the south of the bluff, and Monocacy Creek flows southward to the west of the project area (see figure 1-1). Bedrock beneath the city consists of medium-gray thickbedded dolomite and impure limestone calcareous siltstone at its base. Subsoil in the area is yellow to reddish-yellow clay (Gerhardt et al. 2008:4; National Heritage Corporation 1977:20). The site chosen for the city had a number of features attractive to the first settlers. Foremost was a plenteous spring at the base of the bluff, which would provide water in all seasons and was a primary reason for the purchase of this particular tract. The hillside was wooded with a steep descent to the river and creek. Monocacy Creek at that time flowed south along the west side of the future city and then turned toward the east, meeting the Lehigh River southeast of the town site and forming a long east-west peninsula between the two waterways. On the south side of the Monocacy Creek peninsula was a ford across the Lehigh River. The new town was sited “some distance from the river” beside an old Native American trail that extended north and west from the ford, crossing the peninsula and the Monocacy Creek, and running uphill past the new site (Murtagh 1967:23). Roots of Moravian Faith Moravian Christianity dates back to the fifteenth century, and had two distinct periods: the original Bohemian church, which was eventually driven underground, and the Renewed Church beginning in 1722 (Weinlick in Myers 1982:5). Moravianism began in Bohemia and Moravia in central and Eastern Europe (figure 2-1). This area was originally Christianized by the Eastern Orthodox branch of Catholicism, but eventually Roman Catholicism became the controlling denomination. Still, the Christians of these regions felt ties to the Eastern tradition and as such reacted strongly to the worldly corruption occurring within the Roman Catholic Church during the 1300s and 1400s. John Hus (born 1369), an instructor at the University of Prague, helped voice the sentiment that Christian belief and way of life derived from the Bible, not from the Pope and the church leadership hierarchy. Following his break with the Church, Hus was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake in 1415. His martyrdom sowed seeds of Protestantism among his community (Groenfeldt 1976:13). In the years following the death of Hus, his followers struggled with different perspectives but could not create a united community of believers. One faction separated itself in 1457, and was known as the Unity of the Brethren (Unitas Fratrum). The group’s primary goal was to avoid further religious conflict and live peacefully, following the teachings of the New Testament. Despite continued persecution, the denomination began to grow. During the Thirty John Milner Associates • October 2009 • Chapter 2 • Historic Overview • 5
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