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Evaluating Country Programmes 20 Box 1.2. Approaches to Country Programme Evaluation (cont.) – The donor operates in many countries, with no clear country focus. – The donor’s aid programme is small relative to the national economy, other donors or its global operations, all of which make impact evaluation hard and of relatively minor value. – The country programme is neither typical nor experimental, limiting the value of lessons that might be learned. – External constraints (lack of national information base, lack of partner interest, security considerations) make evaluation hard. – Findings and recommendations are needed soon. influences upon the choice of methods and approach. External factors – the capacity and willingness of the donor’s partners to contribute to the evaluation process and the information base available to the evaluators – also influence the choice of approach. A CPE’s approach may be defined in terms of the breadth and depth of the evaluation process. 7 Here, depth is defined in terms of the criteria used and breadth in terms of the timescale under review and the forms of donor-partner relationship which are examined. “Lighter” CPEs – a term which seemed to be intuitively understood by participants at the Workshop – may be defined in these terms as “shallower” (i.e. they address the relevance, efficiency, coherence and consistency of the country programme but do not attempt to judge impact) and/or “narrower” (they examine the performance of the country programme effectively in isolation, without attempting to look at country programme headquarters relationships or other aspects of bilateral relationships). A “lighter” approach has the advantage of producing policy-relevant recommendations rapidly. This is particularly useful when the donor’s aid is heavily dependent upon rapidly changing country-specific circumstances, as, for example, the multilateral development banks (MDBs) are dependent upon the macro-economic policies of the partner country. 8 This approach is also attractive if the donor has institutional obligations to operate in many countries (e.g. the EU) and/or delivers aid in a format which could only loosely be described as country programming (in which case “programme” performance in terms of effectiveness or impact cannot be assessed, or can only be assessed against agency-wide or partner country goals). In general terms, those donors which have already invested in “heavier” Country Programme Evaluation appear to be moving towards shorter, less ambitious and less expensive CPEs. The World Bank now aims to present its Country Assistance Reviews OECD 1999
DONOR INFLUENCES Evaluation skills Type and experience available of programme Financial resources available for evaluation Source: Source: Authors. OECD 1999 Country Programme Evaluation: Synthesis Report from the Workshop Figure 1.1. Approaches, methods and criteria Type of donor Need Need to to adapt adapt approach approach and and methods methods to to rationale rationale and and available available resources resources Rationale of evaluation (intended use) Depth of analysis (criteria for judging success) Relevance Efficiency Effectiveness Impact Sustainability Choice of comparators (other countries, country programmes of other donors in same country) Periodicity, precision (potential for disaggregation) and reliability of national macroeconomic, demographic, income/ expenditure, social development data APPROACH involving choices regarding: METHODS Participatory methods/ stakeholder analysis (practical and principled arguments) NON-DONOR Capacity Country-level INFLUENCES and willingness constraints of partner upon capacity Information of partner upon capacity Information government to evaluate base for government to evaluate base for to participate (e.g. civil identification to participate (e.g. civil identification in evaluation conflict, level and measurement in evaluation conflict, level and measurement exercise of national of change exercise of national of change research skills) Breadth of analysis Historical span: timescale under evaluation Topical span: country programme, systemic and/or holistic dimensions to donorpartner relationship Design of rating system Methods for estimating impact Techniques for aggregating (or disaggregating) results Reconstruction of country programme evolution/ decision-making 21
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