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Evaluating Country Programmes 272 Notes 1. This paper uses “USAID” as shorthand for all US Government economic assistance programmes to Costa Rica. USAID was established only in 1961, and earlier programmes operated under different names. The largest single project, the Inter-American Highway, was administered by a US domestic agency, the Bureau of Public Roads. 2. Despite this national security rationale for USAID's presence in Costa Rica, Costa Ricans interviewed were virtually unanimous in believing that the American USAID employees were there for altruistic reasons. 3. This figure is based on self-reported education levels for the 1984 population census. 4. These comparisons are based on estimates of purchasing power parity (perhaps better known as PPP). Exchange rate-based estimates differ significantly, though the relative standing is not affected. By the more common measure of GDP, using exchange rates, Costa Rica's per capita GDP in 1995 was approximately USD2 600. 5. The least expensive form of housing, a rancho, was a one-room house with dirt floor and thatched roof. 6. Take-off refers to the stage at which a society has achieved a certain momentum in the pace of change, whereby it can soar like an airplane into sustainable growth. 7. Nugent (1974) estimates that the CACM added about 0.6% each year to Central American GDP (or more than 7% over the period 1960-72), while Cline and Delgado (1978) offer the somewhat lower estimate of an addition of 3-4% to regional GDP during 1960-72. 8. As noted earlier, many development economists were not convinced that there were any serious problems with the development strategy being pursued during this period. Developing-country economic growth had been rapid and sustained for nearly two decades, and the emerging calamity was seen with much greater clarity in hindsight than it was at the time. 9. USAID/Costa Rica did not completely ignore such issues. The strategy paper it submitted to Washington in January 1981 recognised that the Costa Rican Government was making unreasonable forecasts of macroeconomic trends, but it did not recommend any action to address the unreality. 10. While there may be general agreement that the outcome was satisfactory, there would likely be sharp division on the reasons for this. Some would argue that military aid to the Contras in Nicaragua was an important part of the solution, whereas others would argue that the right outcome was achieved by congressional action to limit the role of the Contras and to emphasise peaceful approaches. 11. These estimates are based on exchange rate-based estimates of GDP. Using estimates based on purchasing power parity, value of the annual addition to production would be substantially larger. OECD 1999
OECD 1999 Appendix 11.1 Sectoral and cross-cutting evaluation reports Real Progress: Fifty Years of USAID in Costa Rica 1. Macro-economic Policy, by Thelmo Vargas (26 pages). 2. Financial Sector Programs, by Miguel Loría (30 pages). 3. Trade Policy and Programs, by Edna Camacho (30 pages). 4. Health Sector Activities, by Leonardo Mata (66 pages). 5. Family Planning Programs, by Víctor Gómez (29 pages). 6. Education Activities, by María Cecilia Dobles and Juan Manuel Esquivél (38 pages). 7. Agricultural Programs and Policies, by Carlos Pomareda (26 pages). 8. Natural Resource Activities, by Rafael Celis (43 pages). 9. Democracy and Governance Activities, by Daniel Masis (20 pages). 10. Infrastructure Programs, by Enrique Angulo and Ricardo Echandi (32 pages). 11. Life in Two Costa Rican Villages, 1950 and 1995, by Ivelina Romagosa and Amilcar Castañeda (77 pages). 12. Impact of Costa Rican Nontraditional Agricultural Exports, by Kathleen Horkan (30 pages). 13. USAID/Costa Rica and PVOs: Three Cases, by Kristin Goss (28 pages). Background documents 1. USAID in Costa Rica: An Overview, by James Fox, provides a summary of USAID programmes and strategies from 1945 to 1995 (20 pages). 2. For an economist’s interpretation of the economic forces at work and economic policies tried in Costa Rica between 1945 and 1995, see Ricardo Monge’s Economic Overview of Costa Rica (38 pages). 3. Interview Summaries With American Former USAID/Costa Rica Staff. 1- to 2-page summaries with 18 Americans interviews about their experience in Costa Rica (25 pages). 4. Interviews With U.S. Ambassadors. Long interviews with five ambassadors who served in Costa Rica, from the State Department oral history project (80 pages). 5. Interviews With Costa Rican Professionals. Summaries of some 50 interviews (6-7 pages each, in Spanish) of Costa Ricans who worked on, or were knowledgeable about, USAID activities (300 pages). 6. AID and Multilateral Assistance to Costa Rica, 1946-63, by Sasha Muench. A statistical summary of assistance flows from USAID and the other principal sources (36 pages). 273
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