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Evaluating Country Programmes 230 Experiences The participatory, field-oriented approach gradually unveiled unexpected advantages. It produced positive side-effects with respect to communication and publicity, development of a sense of ownership, collective learning, etc., the impact of which should not be underestimated. In addition, it encouraged and enabled taking immediate measures regarding unsatisfactory projects. Several of them were terminated during the review period, others started a process of reorientation or phasing-out. Progressively confronted with time and motivation constraints, participants were forced to come down from fantasy to reality and to up-value the workshops as an instrument good enough to produce single-handedly most of the inputs needed for the reformation of the concept. Thus, the initially ambitious, complex and time-consuming review gradually became simple and inexpensive. The endeavour had also its disappointments, especially in the “vision” part. The plan to commission a documentary study on socio-economic development trends and scenarios of Bangladesh was abandoned because the investment finally looked disproportionate compared to the expected practical results. The idea instead to ask a selection of Bangladeshi personalities to write down their own “realistically optimistic” assessment of the future of Bangladesh failed to yield results because the persons approached did not come forward with their vision. This negative experience might reveal something important about the local culture. Where tradition, habits and the pressing needs of the immediate future shape the collective pattern of behaviour, the mental inclination to try to anticipate the future through the self-selected parameters of a personal vision is perhaps simply not very widespread. Finally, the authors of the review came to realise how little they know about the “social factory” of the host country, especially how its institutions are functioning, and what are the sources of motivations and energy of the people. OECD 1999
OECD 1999 Chapter 11 Real Progress: Fifty Years of USAID in Costa Rica Introduction by James W. Fox, Center for Development Information and Evaluation US Agency for International Development (USAID) Over the past 50 years, the US Government provided Costa Rica with USD2 billion in economic aid. Did it make a difference? Certainly, Costa Rican conditions have improved: ordinary citizens live longer, healthier lives; are better educated; have far higher incomes; and live in a vibrantly democratic society. A highway built largely with US government funds now links the formerly isolated central part of Costa Rica to both its coasts and to neighbouring countries Nicaragua and Panama. But the changes that took place in Costa Rica were the results of actions by millions of Costa Rican citizens working in their own interests, by successive Costa Rican governments, by the opportunities provided by the international economy, and by actions of a variety of multilateral and foreign government assistance programmes. The US Government’s foreign assistance programmes were the largest single outside factor, but this influence cannot be separated from the others. The US Government’s programmes, which comprise as many as one thousand separate activities, carried out by a combination of American and Costa Rican implementers, are analysed individually in order to preclude evaluation of impact. This chapter attempts to assess impact by looking at the main emphases of US assistance and their relation to Costa Rican development. This study was managed by the Center for Development Information and Evaluation (CDIE), an arm of USAID, drawing on a series of sector studies carried out by Costa Rican researchers. These Costa Rican sector specialists studied USAID’s involvement in each of ten sectors: agriculture, democracy, education, health, family planning, finance, infrastructure, macro-economic policy, natural resources, and trade policy. Three cross-cutting studies (a comparison of economic and social conditions in two rural communities in 1950 and 1995, an analysis of USAID’s involvement with three private voluntary organisations, and a study of the effects of non-traditional export growth) were also carried out. The researchers 231
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