On Violencenational reawakening, restoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nationto <strong>the</strong> people or Commonwealth, whatever <strong>the</strong> name used,whatever <strong>the</strong> latest expression, decolonizationevent. At whatever level we studychange <strong>of</strong>name for a sports club, <strong>the</strong> guest list at a cocktail party,members <strong>of</strong> a police force or <strong>the</strong> board <strong>of</strong>directors <strong>of</strong> a state orprivate bank-decolonization is quite simply <strong>the</strong> substitution<strong>of</strong>one "species" <strong>of</strong> mankind by ano<strong>the</strong>r. The substitution is unconditional,absolute, total, and seamless. We could go on to<strong>the</strong> rise <strong>of</strong>a new nation, <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong>a new state,economic and political orientation. But instead we have decided to describe <strong>the</strong> kind <strong>of</strong> tabularasa which from <strong>the</strong> outset defines any decolonizatiois singularly important is that it starts from <strong>the</strong> very first day<strong>the</strong> basic claims <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> colonized. In actual fact, pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> successlies in a social fabric that has been changed inside out. Thischange is extraordinarily important because it is desired, clamoredfor, and demanded. The need for this change exists in araw, repressed, and reckless state in <strong>the</strong> lives and consciousnesscolonized men and women. But <strong>the</strong> eventuality <strong>of</strong> such achange is also experienced as a terrifying future in <strong>the</strong> consciousness<strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> men and women:<strong>the</strong> colonists.1
2 3THE WRETCHED OF THE EARTHON VIOLENCE* * *Decolonization, which sets out to change <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>world, is clearly an agenda for total disorder. But it cannot beaccomplished by <strong>the</strong> wave <strong>of</strong>a magic wand, a natural cataclysm,or a gentleman's agreement. Decolonization, we know, is anhistorical process: In o<strong>the</strong>r words, it can only be understood, itcan only find its significance and become self coherent ins<strong>of</strong>aras we can discern <strong>the</strong> history-making movement which gives itform and substance, Decolonization is <strong>the</strong> encounter betweentwo congenitally antagonistic forces that in fact owe <strong>the</strong>ir singularityto <strong>the</strong> kind <strong>of</strong> reification secreted and nurtured by <strong>the</strong> colonialsituation, Their first confrontation was colored by violenceand <strong>the</strong>ir cohabitation-or ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> exploitation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> colonizedby <strong>the</strong> colonizer-continued at <strong>the</strong> point <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bayonetand under cannon fire. The colonist and <strong>the</strong> colonized are oldacquaintances. And consequently, <strong>the</strong> colonist is right when hesays he "knows" <strong>the</strong>m. It is <strong>the</strong> colonist who fabricated and continuesto fabricate <strong>the</strong> colonized subject. The colonist derives hisvalidity, i.e., his wealth, from <strong>the</strong> colonial system.Decolonization never goes unnoticed, for it focuses on andfundamentally alters being, and transforms <strong>the</strong> spectator crushedto a nonessential state into a privileged actor, captured in a virtuallygrandiose fashion by <strong>the</strong> spotlight <strong>of</strong> History. It infuses anew rhythm, specific to a new generation <strong>of</strong> men, with a newlanguage and a new humanity. Decolonization is truly <strong>the</strong> creation<strong>of</strong> new men. But such a creation cannot be attributed to asupernatural power: The "thing" colonized becomes a manthrough <strong>the</strong> very process <strong>of</strong> liberation.Decolonization, <strong>the</strong>refore, implies <strong>the</strong> urgent need to thoroughlychallenge <strong>the</strong> colonial situation. Its definition can, if wewant to describe it accurately, be summed up in <strong>the</strong> well-knownwords: "The last shall be first." Decolonization is verification <strong>of</strong>this. At a descriptive level, <strong>the</strong>refore, any decolonization is asuccess.l~ * *its bare reality, decolonization reeks <strong>of</strong> red-hot cannonballsand bloody knives. For <strong>the</strong> last can be <strong>the</strong> first only after a murderousand decisive confrontation between <strong>the</strong> two protagonists.determination to have <strong>the</strong> last move up to <strong>the</strong> front, to have<strong>the</strong>m clamber up (too quickly, say some) <strong>the</strong> famous echelonsan organized society, can only succeed by resorting to everymeans, including, <strong>of</strong> course, violence.You do not disorganize a society, however primitive it maybe, with such an agenda if you are not determined from <strong>the</strong>very start to smash every obstacle encountered. The colonized,who have made up <strong>the</strong>ir mind to make such an agenda into adriving force, have been prepared for violence from time immemorial.As soon as <strong>the</strong>y are born it is obvious to <strong>the</strong>m that<strong>the</strong>ir cramped world, riddled with taboos, can only be challengedby out and out violence.The colonial world is a compartmentalized world. It is obviouslyas superfluous to recall <strong>the</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> "native" towns andEuropean towns, <strong>of</strong> schools for "natives" and schools for Europeans,as it is to recall apar<strong>the</strong>id in South Mrica. Yet if we penetrateinside this compartmentalization we shall at least bring tolight some <strong>of</strong> its key aspects. By penetrating its geographicalconfiguration and classification we shall be able to delineate <strong>the</strong>backbone on which <strong>the</strong> decolonized society is reorganized.The colonized world is a world divided in two. The dividingline, <strong>the</strong> border, is represented by <strong>the</strong> barracks and <strong>the</strong> policestations. In <strong>the</strong> colonies, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial, legitimate agent, <strong>the</strong> spokespersonfor <strong>the</strong> colonizer and <strong>the</strong> regime <strong>of</strong> oppression, ispolice <strong>of</strong>ficer or <strong>the</strong> soldier. In capitalist societies, education,whe<strong>the</strong>r secular or religious, <strong>the</strong> teaching <strong>of</strong> moral reflexeshanded down from fa<strong>the</strong>r to son, <strong>the</strong> exemplary integrity <strong>of</strong>workersdecorated after fifty years <strong>of</strong> loyal and faithful service, <strong>the</strong>fostering <strong>of</strong>love for harmony and wisdom, those aes<strong>the</strong>tic forms<strong>of</strong> respect for <strong>the</strong> status quo, instill in <strong>the</strong> exploited a mood <strong>of</strong>
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Conclusion Now, comrades, now is th
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