wretched-of-the-earth-frantz-fanon

106THE WRETCHED OF THE EARTHTHE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS 107The triumph of federalism in certain young independentnations must be interpreted along these lines. We know thatcolonial domination gave preferential treatment to certain recolony'seconomy was not integrated into that of theIt is still organized along the lines dictated byalmost never exploits the entirecountry. It is content with extracting natural resources and exportingthem to the metropolitanspecific sector to grow relatively wealthy, while the restcolony continues, or rather sinks, into underdevelopment andpoverty.In the aftermath of independence the nationals who live inthe prosperous regions realize their good fortune and their gutreaction is to to feed the rest of the nation. The regionsin groundnuts, cocoa, and diamonds stand out against theempty panorama offered by the rest of the country. The nationalsof these look upon the others with hatred detectingenvy, andvalries, the old intertribal hatreds resurface.to feed the Luluas. Katanga becomes a state on its ownKalondji crowns himself king of southern KasaLAfrican unity, a vague term, but nevertheless one to which themen and women of Africa were passionately attached and whoseoperative function was to put incredible pressure on colonialrevealsits true face and crumbles into regionalisms withinsame national reality. Because it is obsessed with its immediateinterests, because it cannot see fllrther than the end of itsnose, the national bourgeoisiesimple national unity and incapable of building the nation on asolid, constructive foundation. The national front that drove backcolonialism falls apart and licks its wounds.This ruthless struggle waged by the ethnic groups and tribes,and this virulent obsession with filling the vacancies left by theforeigners also engender religious rivalries. In the interior andthe bush, the minor confraternities, the local religions, andmarabout cults spring back to and resort once more tovicious circle of mutual denunciation. In the urban centers theauthorities are confronted with a clash between the two majorrevealed religions: Islam and Catholicism.Colonialism, which the birth of African unity had tremblingon foundations, is now back on its feet, and now undertakesto break this will to unify by taking advantage of every weak linkin the movement. Colonialism will attempt to rally the Africanpeoples by uncoveringSenegal the magazine Afrique Nouvelle secretesof hatred against Islam and the Arabs. The Lebanese, whO controlmost of the small businesses along the West Coast of Africa,are publicly vilified. The missionaries opportunely remind themasses that the great African empires were dismantled by theinvasion of the Arabs long before the arrival of European colonialism.They even go so far as to say that the Arab occupationpaved the way for European colonialism; references are madeto Arab imoerialism. and the cultural imperialism of Islam isare kept out of managerial positions.In other regions the reverse is true and it is the indigenousChristians who are the and treated as consciousof national independence.Colonialism shamelessly pulls all these strings, only too contentto see the Africans, who were once in league against it, tear ateach other's throats. The notion of another Saint Bartholomew'smassacre takes shape in some people's minds, and colonialismsnickers when it hears the magnificent speeches on African unity.the same nation, religion divides the people and sets thefostered and encouraged by colonialismunexpectedevents break out here and there. In predominantly Catholic orProtestant countries the Muslim minority redoublesfervor. Muslim festivals are revived and Islam defends