KAIS 2007 1 - Kenya National AIDS & STI Control Programme ...

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different in urban areas, with only 2.8% and 5.9% of household heads identifying surface waterand well water, respective, as their main source of drinking water. The majority of urbanhouseholds reported drawing their drinking water from piped water (52.1%) or public tap (34.5%).Differences by province were statistically significant; notably, 42.4% of households in NorthEastern province used open wells on their compounds or plots as their main source of drinkingwater (data shown in Appendix B.14).Compared to the 2003 KDHS, significantly more urban households accessed drinking waterthrough public tap in 2007 (34.5% in 2007 vs. 21.8% in 2003) while well water 29 was less likely,albeit marginally, to be cited as a main source of drinking water in 2007 than in 2003 (5.9% in 2007vs. 11.8% in 2003). The proportion of rural households citing surface water as their main source ofdrinking water decreased significantly by 10 percentage points from 37.4% in 2003 to 27.2%. Theproportions of these household citing public tap and well water as their main source of drinkingwater marginally increased from 2003 KDHS (6.8% and 21.1%, respectively) to 2007 KAIS, (10.8%and 29.2%, respectively).Percent of Households (%)Figure 14.6b Method of treating drinking water by rural and urban residence,Kenya 200760Rural Urban4030.626.52015.811.460.151.20BoilingDisinfection (e.g.chlorine)0.28Bottled water1.5 1.7 0.8Other (e.g. filtration,sedimentation)Does not treat waterMethod of Treating Drinking WaterFigure 14.6b The majority of households in rural and urban areas did not treat waterfrom their main drinking water source.The majority of households in rural and urban areas did not treat their main source of drinkingwater (60.1% and 51.2%, respectively), with significantly more rural households lacking atreatment method compared to urban households. Among households in rural areas, 26.5% boiledtheir drinking water compared to 30.6% of households in urban areas. A further 11.4% of rural29 In the 2003 KDHS, well water included water from an open or covered public well, or an on or covered well in compound or plot.KAIS 2007 252
households used chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine or Waterguard® 30 , compared to 15.8% ofurban households. These differences were marginally significant.Across provinces, water treatment practices differed significantly, with four out of 10 householdsin Nairobi (42.1%) and Nyanza provinces (42.4%) reporting that they did not treat their drinkingwater compared to nine out of 10 households (91.3%) in North Eastern province. These data arepresented in Appendix B.14.Figure 14.6c Method of treating drinking water among HIV-affected andHIV-unaffected households, Kenya 200760HIV-unaffectedHIV-affected and at least 1 knows status57.557.0Percent of Households (%)402027.8 28.527.0HIV-affected and none knows status23.914.912.546.40BoilingDisinfection (e.g.chlorine)0.64 0.08 0.36 1.5 1.2 0.75Bottled waterOther (e.g.filtration,sedimentation)Does not treatwaterMethod of Treating Drinking WaterFigure 14.6c HIV-affected households with at least one member aware of his or herHIV status were significantly more likely to treat their drinking water with disinfectionagents than other households.HIV‐infected adults in HIV care services are routinely provided with counseling about the importanceof safer drinking water in the prevention of common infections.Households with at least one HIV‐infected member who was aware of his or her HIV status weresignificantly less likely (46.4%) to have untreated drinking water than other households (57.0%‐57.5%).These households were also marginally more likely (23.9%) to treat their drinking water withdisinfectants, such as chlorine or Waterguard® compared to other households (12.5%‐14.9%). Otherwater treatment practices, such as boiling water, did not differ between HIV‐affected and HIVunaffectedhouseholds.30Waterguard® is a chlorine‐based water treatment product commonly distributed by the government and nongovernmentalorganizations in Kenya. Participants answering Waterguard® for their household’s drinking watertreatment method were included in the disinfectant category.KAIS 2007 253
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KAIS 2007 1
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P.O. Box: 9361 Code: 00202 Nairobi,
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KEMRIKNASPKNBSKshLLITNMCHmlμLMOMSM
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KEY FINDINGS: HIV PREVENTION• Amo
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Among HIV‐uninfected women, 71.2%
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Men 5.4 26.3 1.9Total 7.1 35.1 1.8O
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Kenya is also committed to the “T
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Table 1.4 Distribution of sampled c
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1.7 SURVEY IMPLEMENTATIONTrainingIn
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Data processing included a number o
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Characteristic 2003 KDHS 2007 KAISQ
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Figure 1.11 Sampled clusters and el
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Table 1.11c Survey response rates b
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Population estimates reported in th
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2.4 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG YOUTHFigur
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Figure 2.6b HIV prevalence among ru
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2.7 HIV PREVALENCE BY PROVINCEFigur
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Figure 2.7c Estimated number of HIV
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2.9 HIV PREVALENCE BY EDUCATION LEV
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Figure 2.10b HIV prevalence among r
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2.11 HIV PREVALENCE BY TIME AWAY FR
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2.13 MALE CIRCUMCISION AND ASSOCIAT
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Figure 2.13c HIV prevalence among c
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Comparison of HIV Prevalence in the
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3.3 SEXFigure 3.3a HIV prevalence a
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Figure 3.4b. HIV prevalence among m
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3.7 PROVINCEFigure 3.7a HIV prevale
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2003 KDHS 1 2007 KAIS 2Marital stat
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3.10 WEALTH INDEXFigure 3.10a HIV p
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DATA IN CONTEXT: APPROACHES TO HIV
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Figure 4.3c Ever been tested for HI
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Figure 4.3e Ever been tested for HI
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Figure 4.3g Women aged 15-49 years
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Figure 4.4a Time since last HIV tes
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Figure 4.5a Reasons for not testing
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Increasing access to HIV testing wi
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4.7. Gaps and unmet needs• Two‐
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Figure 5.3b Self-reported HIV statu
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This section examines participants
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Figure 5.5a Knowledge of HIV status
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Figure 5.5c Percent of partnerships
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uninfected. A couple was considered
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Figure 5.6c Women and men aged 15-6
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Sexual Partners, Sexual DebutCircum
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Figure 6.3b. HIV prevalence among w
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Figure 6.3d. HIV prevalence among w
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Figure 6.3f. Men aged 15-64 years r
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In this section, “consistent cond
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Figure 6.4c. Marital or cohabiting
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Figure 6.5b. Young women and men ag
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Figure 6.5d. Young women and men ag
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Figure 6.6a. Male circumcision amon
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Figure 6.6d. HIV prevalence among m
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Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs ch
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Figure 7.3b. Most common source of
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Figure 7.3c Women and men aged 15-6
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Figure 7.3e Overall scores for 12 q
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Figure 7.3g Women and men aged 15-6
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Figure 7.3i Correct responses to se
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• If a female teacher has the AID
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7.5. Perceived risk of HIV infectio
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Figure 7.5c Reasons given for havin
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7.6. Attitudes toward women’s rol
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who had never been tested for HIV o
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8.2 INTRODUCTIONIn the absence of i
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8.3 ANTENATAL CLINIC ATTENDANCE, 20
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8.4 KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TR
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The analysis in this section consid
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Figure 8.5b Women aged 15-49 years
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• Incorrect communication or unde
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8.8 CURRENTLY PREGNANT WOMEN: HIV T
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Among currently pregnant women, 7.1
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Among pregnant, HIV‐uninfected wo
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Figure 8.11b Desire for a child in
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8.12 CONTRACEPTIVE USEThe next figu
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Figure 8.12c Contraceptive use* amo
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Blood and Injection Safety chapter
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D ATA IN C ONTEXT: N ATIONAL B LOOD
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Figure 9.3a Source of blood donatio
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Figure 9.3b Source of blood donatio
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Figure 9.3d Source of blood donatio
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9.4 Blood transfusionsAlthough the
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10080Injec tionsPillsNo preferenceW
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HIV prevalence among adults who rep
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9.6 Gaps and unmet needs• HIV pre
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The Ministry of Medical Services re
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10.3 COTRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS FOR
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Coverage also varied significantly
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10.4 ARV ELIGIBILITY, COVERAGE AND
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ARV coverage was estimated by takin
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Figure 10.4b ARV coverage among HIV
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DATA IN CONTEXTEstimates of HIV-inf
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10.5 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• The es
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debilitating illness leading to hos
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Among HIV‐infected adults (83.6%
Page 201 and 202: Figure 11.3d HIV-infected adults ag
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11.4b HIV-infected adults ag
Page 205 and 206: Figure 11.4d HIV-infected adults ag
Page 207 and 208: DATA IN CONTEXTHIV Basic Care Packa
Page 209 and 210: Figure 11.5b HIV-infected adults ag
Page 211 and 212: Figure 11.6b Percent of HIV-infecte
Page 213 and 214: 11.8 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• Counse
Page 215 and 216: 12.3 HSV-2 prevalenceHSV‐2 preval
Page 217 and 218: 807071.0WomenMen64.3HSV-2 Prevalenc
Page 219 and 220: Figure 12.3d HSV-2 prevalence among
Page 221 and 222: Figure 12.4b HSV-2 prevalence among
Page 223 and 224: Figure 12.5a HIV prevalence by HSV-
Page 225 and 226: Figure 12.6b Condom use during last
Page 227 and 228: 12.7 Gaps and unmet needs• Increa
Page 229 and 230: also at substantially elevated risk
Page 231 and 232: Figure 13.3b Prevalence of syphilis
Page 233 and 234: Figure 13.3d Prevalence of syphilis
Page 235 and 236: Figure 13.3f Prevalence of syphilis
Page 237 and 238: Figure 13.4b Prevalence of syphilis
Page 239 and 240: 13.6 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• Patien
Page 241 and 242: Household Characteristics andImpact
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.3a Sex of head of househo
Page 245 and 246: Figure 14.3d Household population,
Page 247 and 248: 14.5 PREVALENCE OF HIV-AFFECTED HOU
Page 249 and 250: Figure 14.5c HIV-affected household
Page 251: social and economic conditions of h
Page 255 and 256: 14.7 HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF MOSQUIT
Page 257 and 258: Figure 14.7b HIV-affected and HIV-u
Page 259 and 260: Table 14.7b Source of bednets among
Page 261 and 262: Overall, 52.3% percent of children
Page 263 and 264: 14.9 CARE AND SUPPORT FOR ORPHANS A
Page 265 and 266: For consistency with other populati
Page 267: Returning Test Results15.1 KEY FIND
Page 270 and 271: Figure 15.3b. Participants aged 15-
Page 272 and 273: Figure 15.3d. Participants aged 15-
Page 274 and 275: Figure 15.3f. Participants aged 15-
Page 276 and 277: 15.4 RETURNING TO RECEIVE TEST RESU
Page 278 and 279: Figure 15.5 Women aged 15-64 years
Page 280 and 281: Methods of the 2007 KAISThis Append
Page 282 and 283: ClustersHouseholdsProvince Rural Ur
Page 284 and 285: and treatment services and other he
Page 286 and 287: The KEMRI Ethical Review Committee
Page 288 and 289: Red top (5 ml)Whole blood collected
Page 290 and 291: algorithm using two HIV EIAs (Viron
Page 292 and 293: Figure A5.a. Structure and flow of
Page 294 and 295: Recruitment and training of results
Page 296 and 297: observe confidentiality of particip
Page 298 and 299: Documentation. Results counsellors
Page 300 and 301: Normalisation of weightsNormalised
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This report presents the results of
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