KAIS 2007 1 - Kenya National AIDS & STI Control Programme ...

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households that received no support to help care for their sick members. There were nosignificant differences in the pattern of support by sex. Sick adults in urban areas tended toreceive more medical and material support than rural households, while rural householdstended to receive more emotional and social or practical support than adults in urban areas;these differences were no statistically significant. Adults aged 60 years or older were morelikely to have received medical (17.3%) or social support (25.3%), and subsequently anysupport (47.1%) compared to younger age groups. Looking across all types of support, amarginally higher percent of chronically sick adults in Central province (58.3%) received anytype of support compared to other provinces; Nyanza had the lowest percent for any type ofsupport at 25.6%.14.11 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• Increasing efforts to capture and record all births, especially in provinces with largerural areas, could help policy makers better plan for services in these areas.• Most HIV-affected households do not know they are affected because the HIVinfectedmember in the home is unaware of his or her HIV status. Increasingknowledge of HIV status among HIV-infected persons and supportive disclosure tofamily members could increase the number of households able to provide care andsupport for their HIV-infected household member and long-term planning for thewell-being of the household• In most HIV-infected households, the infected member is the head of the household.Programs are need to support these households in case the infected head ofhousehold becomes too ill to support the household.• Most households do not treat their drinking water leaving household memberspotentially vulnerable to infections and illness. Universal access to safe drinkingwater would benefit all households and keep HIV-infected and uninfected membershealthier.• At the time of the survey, an estimated 2.0 million households were in need of amosquito bednet in order to reach the national target of 80% household coverage.• More than one in 10 children in Kenya have lost their mother or father or both. Mostof these children are living in households that received no external support.• Care and support for chronically ill adults could be improved by increasing generalknowledge and awareness of existing services for this group.KAIS 2007 266
Returning Test Results15.1 KEY FINDINGS• Nearly half (45.6%) of all KAIS participants who completed an interview andprovided a blood sample travelled to select health facilities to receive theirtest results.• More than one third (35.8%) of HIV-infected participants who had nevertested or who believed themselves to be uninfected learned their HIV statusduring the 2007 KAIS.• Participants in rural areas were twice as likely to return to receive their testresults (52.5%) compared to those in urban areas (24.5%).• Over 40% of participants in each province returned to receive their testresults except in Nairobi, where it was 15.2%. North Eastern provincerecorded the highest rate of returning for test results at 74.0%15.2 INTRODUCTIONThe 2007 KAIS all participants who consented to give blood samples during the survey weregiven the opportunity to receive their HIV, HSV‐2 and syphilis test results and CD4 count (ifHIV‐infected) approximately six weeks after the interview in select health facilities. Participantswho received their test results also received appropriate counselling and referrals to prevention,care and treatment services from trained counsellors. Testing and returning test results in the2007 KAIS provided an important health service to survey participants, especially inunderserved areas such as rural communities that may not have otherwise not had access totesting.This chapter presents data on participants who visited a health facility to receive their test resultsfrom any of the blood tests conducted in the 2007 KAIS (HIV, CD4 cell count for HIV‐infectedpersons, HSV‐2 and syphilis). In this chapter the phrase “returned to receive test results” refersto participants that physically came to selected health facility approximately 6 weeks aftersample collection to have their test results returned in the 2007 KAIS, Results were returned toparticipants through assigned health facilities within and near the sampled study clustersapproximately six weeks after collection. Persons infected with HIV and STIs were counselled toseek care and treatment, reduce transmission to others and protect themselves from acquiringKAIS 2007 267
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KAIS 2007 1
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P.O. Box: 9361 Code: 00202 Nairobi,
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KEMRIKNASPKNBSKshLLITNMCHmlμLMOMSM
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KEY FINDINGS: HIV PREVENTION• Amo
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Among HIV‐uninfected women, 71.2%
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Men 5.4 26.3 1.9Total 7.1 35.1 1.8O
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Kenya is also committed to the “T
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Table 1.4 Distribution of sampled c
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1.7 SURVEY IMPLEMENTATIONTrainingIn
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Data processing included a number o
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Characteristic 2003 KDHS 2007 KAISQ
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Figure 1.11 Sampled clusters and el
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Table 1.11c Survey response rates b
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Population estimates reported in th
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2.4 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG YOUTHFigur
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Figure 2.6b HIV prevalence among ru
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2.7 HIV PREVALENCE BY PROVINCEFigur
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Figure 2.7c Estimated number of HIV
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2.9 HIV PREVALENCE BY EDUCATION LEV
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Figure 2.10b HIV prevalence among r
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2.11 HIV PREVALENCE BY TIME AWAY FR
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2.13 MALE CIRCUMCISION AND ASSOCIAT
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Figure 2.13c HIV prevalence among c
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Comparison of HIV Prevalence in the
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3.3 SEXFigure 3.3a HIV prevalence a
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Figure 3.4b. HIV prevalence among m
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3.7 PROVINCEFigure 3.7a HIV prevale
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2003 KDHS 1 2007 KAIS 2Marital stat
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3.10 WEALTH INDEXFigure 3.10a HIV p
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DATA IN CONTEXT: APPROACHES TO HIV
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Figure 4.3c Ever been tested for HI
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Figure 4.3e Ever been tested for HI
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Figure 4.3g Women aged 15-49 years
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Figure 4.4a Time since last HIV tes
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Figure 4.5a Reasons for not testing
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Increasing access to HIV testing wi
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4.7. Gaps and unmet needs• Two‐
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Figure 5.3b Self-reported HIV statu
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This section examines participants
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Figure 5.5a Knowledge of HIV status
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Figure 5.5c Percent of partnerships
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uninfected. A couple was considered
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Figure 5.6c Women and men aged 15-6
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Sexual Partners, Sexual DebutCircum
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Figure 6.3b. HIV prevalence among w
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Figure 6.3d. HIV prevalence among w
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Figure 6.3f. Men aged 15-64 years r
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In this section, “consistent cond
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Figure 6.4c. Marital or cohabiting
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Figure 6.5b. Young women and men ag
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Figure 6.5d. Young women and men ag
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Figure 6.6a. Male circumcision amon
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Figure 6.6d. HIV prevalence among m
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Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs ch
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Figure 7.3b. Most common source of
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Figure 7.3c Women and men aged 15-6
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Figure 7.3e Overall scores for 12 q
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Figure 7.3g Women and men aged 15-6
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Figure 7.3i Correct responses to se
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• If a female teacher has the AID
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7.5. Perceived risk of HIV infectio
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Figure 7.5c Reasons given for havin
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7.6. Attitudes toward women’s rol
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who had never been tested for HIV o
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8.2 INTRODUCTIONIn the absence of i
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8.3 ANTENATAL CLINIC ATTENDANCE, 20
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8.4 KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TR
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The analysis in this section consid
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Figure 8.5b Women aged 15-49 years
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• Incorrect communication or unde
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8.8 CURRENTLY PREGNANT WOMEN: HIV T
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Among currently pregnant women, 7.1
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Among pregnant, HIV‐uninfected wo
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Figure 8.11b Desire for a child in
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8.12 CONTRACEPTIVE USEThe next figu
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Figure 8.12c Contraceptive use* amo
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Blood and Injection Safety chapter
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D ATA IN C ONTEXT: N ATIONAL B LOOD
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Figure 9.3a Source of blood donatio
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Figure 9.3b Source of blood donatio
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Figure 9.3d Source of blood donatio
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9.4 Blood transfusionsAlthough the
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10080Injec tionsPillsNo preferenceW
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HIV prevalence among adults who rep
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9.6 Gaps and unmet needs• HIV pre
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The Ministry of Medical Services re
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10.3 COTRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS FOR
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Coverage also varied significantly
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10.4 ARV ELIGIBILITY, COVERAGE AND
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ARV coverage was estimated by takin
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Figure 10.4b ARV coverage among HIV
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DATA IN CONTEXTEstimates of HIV-inf
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10.5 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• The es
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debilitating illness leading to hos
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Among HIV‐infected adults (83.6%
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Figure 11.3d HIV-infected adults ag
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Figure 11.4b HIV-infected adults ag
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Figure 11.4d HIV-infected adults ag
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DATA IN CONTEXTHIV Basic Care Packa
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Figure 11.5b HIV-infected adults ag
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Figure 11.6b Percent of HIV-infecte
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11.8 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• Counse
Page 215 and 216: 12.3 HSV-2 prevalenceHSV‐2 preval
Page 217 and 218: 807071.0WomenMen64.3HSV-2 Prevalenc
Page 219 and 220: Figure 12.3d HSV-2 prevalence among
Page 221 and 222: Figure 12.4b HSV-2 prevalence among
Page 223 and 224: Figure 12.5a HIV prevalence by HSV-
Page 225 and 226: Figure 12.6b Condom use during last
Page 227 and 228: 12.7 Gaps and unmet needs• Increa
Page 229 and 230: also at substantially elevated risk
Page 231 and 232: Figure 13.3b Prevalence of syphilis
Page 233 and 234: Figure 13.3d Prevalence of syphilis
Page 235 and 236: Figure 13.3f Prevalence of syphilis
Page 237 and 238: Figure 13.4b Prevalence of syphilis
Page 239 and 240: 13.6 GAPS AND UNMET NEEDS• Patien
Page 241 and 242: Household Characteristics andImpact
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.3a Sex of head of househo
Page 245 and 246: Figure 14.3d Household population,
Page 247 and 248: 14.5 PREVALENCE OF HIV-AFFECTED HOU
Page 249 and 250: Figure 14.5c HIV-affected household
Page 251 and 252: social and economic conditions of h
Page 253 and 254: households used chemical disinfecta
Page 255 and 256: 14.7 HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF MOSQUIT
Page 257 and 258: Figure 14.7b HIV-affected and HIV-u
Page 259 and 260: Table 14.7b Source of bednets among
Page 261 and 262: Overall, 52.3% percent of children
Page 263 and 264: 14.9 CARE AND SUPPORT FOR ORPHANS A
Page 265: For consistency with other populati
Page 270 and 271: Figure 15.3b. Participants aged 15-
Page 272 and 273: Figure 15.3d. Participants aged 15-
Page 274 and 275: Figure 15.3f. Participants aged 15-
Page 276 and 277: 15.4 RETURNING TO RECEIVE TEST RESU
Page 278 and 279: Figure 15.5 Women aged 15-64 years
Page 280 and 281: Methods of the 2007 KAISThis Append
Page 282 and 283: ClustersHouseholdsProvince Rural Ur
Page 284 and 285: and treatment services and other he
Page 286 and 287: The KEMRI Ethical Review Committee
Page 288 and 289: Red top (5 ml)Whole blood collected
Page 290 and 291: algorithm using two HIV EIAs (Viron
Page 292 and 293: Figure A5.a. Structure and flow of
Page 294 and 295: Recruitment and training of results
Page 296 and 297: observe confidentiality of particip
Page 298 and 299: Documentation. Results counsellors
Page 300 and 301: Normalisation of weightsNormalised
Page 302 and 303: This report presents the results of
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