Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN 11311 The following information about students is from Wakayama, 150–157, 160–162, 167–168, 206–211, 272, 278–280.12 Tani Kanjō ikō (Seikensha, 1912), vol.1.13 Wakayama, 217.14 Tōkyō-fu kaigaku meisaisho (Tokyo: Tokyo-to, 1961), 3:29–30; Tokyokyōikushishiryō taikei, 1:513–514.15 Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 680. For biographical details onYasui Shōtarō, see Yamazaki Michio, “Yasui Bokudō sensei no hitoto gaku” in Shibun 79 (1989):3–25.16 Reminiscences of Hattori Unokichi in the commemorative issue ofShibun; 30.7 (1938):31–32.17 Wakayama, 281.18 The principal sources for Mishima Chūshū’s biography areYamaguchi Kakuyō, Mishima Chūshū: nishō gakusha no sōritsusha(Nishō gakusha, 1977); Yamada Taku, Ishikawa Umejirō, YamadaHōkoku/Mishima Chūshū (SōshoNihon no shisōka 41), (Meitokushuppansha, 1977); Nishō gakusha hyakunenshi (Nishōgakusha,1977); on his thought see also Nakata Masaru, MishimaChūshū(Shiriizu Yōmeigaku 34), (Meitoku shuppansha, 1990).19 Printed in Tōkyō kyōikushi shiryō taikei 3, 248–249.20 Chōya shinbun, 20 October 1877; quoted in Meiji nyūsu jiten (vol. 1,Mainichi communications shuppanbu, 1983), 543.21 Quoted in Hyakunenshi, 73.22 Notification printed in Tōkyō kyōikushi shiryō taikei (10 vols., ed.and publ. Tokyō toritsu kyōiku kenkyūsho, 1971–74), 4:699–700.23 Hyakunenshi, 90.24 Nishō gakusha shasoku, Nishō gakusha, 1879 (Meiji MicrofilmsBEJOO68/393–400).25 Hyakunenshi, 256.26 Hyakunenshi, 124–126.27 Seiken igen: by Asami Keisai, 1689; collection of final sayings byfamous Chinese heroes with biographical notes and Japaneseloyalists’ acts. Mōgyū: 746, textbook for beginners; collection ofsayings and anecdotes from the ancients with four- characterphrases as titles; used in Japan since the Heian period. Bunshōkihan: thirteenth century; for preparing for examinations; modelsfor essays; widely read in Japan since the mid-Edo period.28 By Kiyohara Natsuno, 833; official commentary on the Yōrō Codeof 718.29 Hyakunenshi, 71–72.30 Hyakunenshi 212–216; different posts, including teachers listed upto 1902; Hirano’s reminiscences.31 Hyakunenshi, 120. Plans of the honjuku, Yanagi juku and Ume jukuon pp.117, 119 and 120.
114 CASE STUDIES32 Hyakunenshi, 276–277.33 Hirano in Hyakunenshi, 218–22234 Text in Hyakunenshi, 207–209.35 Hyakunenshi, 387.36 An example is given by Patricia Gister, “Female Bunjin: The Life ofPoet-Painter Ema Saikō”, in Gail Bernstein, ed., Recreating JapaneseWomen,1600–1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, 1991), 108–130.37 Miwada Masako sensei gojū nensai kinen shuppankai, ed., Baikano fu:Miwada Masako den (Miwada gakuen, 1977); Karasawa Tomio,“Miwada Masako”, Zusetsu kyōiku jinbutsu jiten (Kyūsei, 1984), 2:368–373; Miwada gakuen hyakunenshi henshū kikaku iinkai,Miwada gakuen hyakunenshi (Miwada gakuen, 1988). It is notentirely clear who Masako’s father was, since her mother wasmarried twice and Masako was later adopted into another family;Hyakunenshi, 3. See also Margaret Mehl, “Women Educators andthe Confucian Tradition in Meiji Japan (1868–1912): MiwadaMasako and Atomi Kakei”, Women’s History Review 10.4 (2001):579–602.38 Oshie gusa, quoted in Baika no fu, pp. 108–109. Details about Meiringakusha in Watanabe Fumiko, “Meiji ishinki ni okeru Ehime nojoshi kyōiku”, Ehime kindaishi kenkyū 40 (1981):21–42; 41 (1982):21–38; 42 (1982):10–22; 44/5 (1982):1–16.39 Quoted in Watanabe, “Meiji ishinki”, 41:33–35.40 Watanabe, “Meiji ishinki”, 41:36.41 Watanabe, “Meiji ishinki”, 42:13.42 Watanabe, “Meiji ishinki”, 42:16.43 Watanabe, “Meiji ishinki”, 42:17.44 Printed in Miwada gakuen hyakunenshi, 366–371. See also 42–44.45 Details in Miwada gakuen hyakunenshi, 44–45.46 Aikawa Miho, “Aoyama no ohaka mae ni te”, Miwada kōtōgakkōkōyūkaizasshi 66 (1937):51–53.47 More about Masako’s writings on women’s education in Mehl,“Women Educators”.48 Karasawa, “Miwada Masako”, 183–184.49 On the history of the school see Miwada gakuen Hyakunenshi.50 Miwada gakuen hyakunenshi, 479.51 The most important publications on Ikeda Sōan are: Toyoda Shōhachirō,Tajima Seijin (Yōkachō: Seikei shoin, 1983; first published1907). Okada Takehiko, Edoki no jūgaku (Mokujisha, 1982). HikitaSeiyū, “Ikeda Sōan”, in Ōnishi Harutaka, Hikita Seiyū, KasugaSen’an, Ikeda Sōan (Meitoku shuppansha, 1986) (Sōsho Nihon noshisōka, 44), 181–344. Ueda Hirao, Tajima Seijin Ikeda Sōan (Kasei:
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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xvDay labourer, national average, p
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IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
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INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
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INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
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INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
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CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
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CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
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Page 134 and 135: CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
Page 136 and 137: LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
Page 138 and 139: LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
Page 140 and 141: LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
Page 142 and 143: LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
Page 144 and 145: LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
Page 146 and 147: LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
Page 148 and 149: LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
Page 150 and 151: LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
Page 152 and 153: LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
Page 154 and 155: LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
Page 156 and 157: LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
Page 158 and 159: LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
Page 160 and 161: LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
Page 162 and 163: LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
Page 164 and 165: LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
Page 166 and 167: LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
Page 168 and 169: LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
Page 170 and 171: LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
Page 172 and 173: department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
Page 174 and 175: LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
Page 176 and 177: LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
Page 178 and 179: LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
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CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
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CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
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CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
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CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
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Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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